ANALYSIS OF THE USABILITY AND ACCESSIBILITY OF WEBSITES IN VIEW OF THEIR UNIVERSAL DESIGN PRINCIPLES
Błażej BADZIO
blazej.badzio@pollub.edu.plDepartment of Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, Lublin, (Poland)
Agnieszka BODZIAK
Department of Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, Lublin (Poland)
Bartłomiej BRODAWKA
Department of Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, Lublin (Poland)
Karol BUCHAJCZUK
Department of Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, Lublin, (Poland)
Maria SKUBLEWSKA-PASZKOWSKA
Department of Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, Lublin, (Poland)
Mariusz DZIEŃKOWSKI
Department of Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, Lublin, (Poland)
Paweł POWROŹNIK
Department of Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, Lublin (Poland)
Abstract
Universal design is a strategic approach for planning and designing both the products and their environment, aimed at making a given product available to the widest number of possible users. It ensures equality for all of them and the opportunity to participate in the society. This concept is also crucial in the process of designing and developing software. The research was conducted with the use of four services, three of them were implemented for the purpose of this study. Two of them took into consideration the principles of universal design, while the others did not. The aim of the study was verification of the level of usability and accessibility of services by means of three independent methods: the LUT (Lublin University of Technology) checklist, an assessment taking into account WCAG 2.0 (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines) standards using the automatic WAVE evaluation tool (Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool) and a device allowing to track the movement of the eye while performing various tasks on websites. The websites were assessed by twenty experts in the field of creating web application interfaces, using the LUT checklist. The time to the first fixation (TTFF) that it took respondents to look at specific website elements was measured using the eye tracker device and iMotions software. All websites were checked by means of the WAVE tool to detect irregularities and non-compliance with universal design standards. The analysis performed clearly indicated that websites that follow the universal design guidelines were more useful, intuitive and accessible for users. It might be concluded that interfaces allow to find necessary information and perform desired actions in a shorter time when prepared in accordance with the principles of universal design.
Keywords:
accessibility, usability, universal design, eye tracking, WCAGReferences
Abascal, J., Arrue, M., & Valencia, X. (2019). Tools for Web Accessibility Evaluation. In Y. Yesilada & S. Harper (Eds.), Web Accessibility. Human–Computer Interaction Series (pp. 479–503). Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-7440-0_26
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-7440-0_26
Google Scholar
Acosta-Vargas, P., Acosta, T., & Luján-Mora, S. (2018). Challenges to Assess Accessibility in Higher Education Websites: A Comparative Study of Latin America Universities. IEEE Access, 6, 36500–36508. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2848978
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2848978
Google Scholar
Alonso-Virgós, L., Espada, J. P., Thomaschewski, J., & Crespo, R. G. (2020). Test usability guidelines and follow conventions. Useful recommendations from web developers. Computer Standards & Interfaces, 70, 103423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csi.2020.103423
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csi.2020.103423
Google Scholar
Centre for Excellence in Universal Design. (n.d.). What is Universal Design. Retrieved May 20, 2022, from https://universaldesign.ie/what-is-universal-design/
Google Scholar
Digital Around the World. (n.d.). DataReportal – Global Digital Insights. Retrieved May 19, 2022, from https://datareportal.com/global-digital-overview
Google Scholar
Fogli, D., Provenza, L., & Bernareggi, C. (2014). A Universal Design Resource for Rich Internet Applications based on Design Patterns. Universal Access in the Information Society, 13, 205–226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-013-0291-6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-013-0291-6
Google Scholar
GP3 HD Eye-Tracking Device – Take Advantage Of Research-Grade Equipment. (n.d.). Gazepoint. Retrieved May 20, 2022, from https://www.gazept.com/product/gp3hd/
Google Scholar
Grobelny, J., Jach, K., Kuliński, M., & Michalski, R. (2006). Śledzenie wzroku w badaniach jakości użytkowej oprogramowania. Historia i mierniki. https://repin.pjwstk.edu.pl/xmlui/handle/186319/166
Google Scholar
Harper, S., & Chen, A. Q. (2012). Web accessibility guidelines. World Wide Web, 15(1), 61–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11280-011-0130-8
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11280-011-0130-8
Google Scholar
iMotions: Unpack Human Behavior. (n.d.). Imotions. Retrieved 20 May 2022, from https://imotions.com/
Google Scholar
Initiative (WAI), W3C Web Accessibility. (n.d.). Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI). Retrieved May 20, 2022, from https://www.w3.org/WAI/
Google Scholar
Isa, W. A. R. W. M., Suhaimi, A. I. H., Ariffrn, N., Ishak, N. F., & Ralim, N. M. (2016). Accessibility evaluation using Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0. In 2016 4th International Conference on User Science and Engineering (i-USEr) (pp. 1–4). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/IUSER.2016.7857924
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/IUSER.2016.7857924
Google Scholar
Ismail, A., Kuppusamy, K. S., & Paiva, S. (2020). Accessibility analysis of higher education institution websites of Portugal. Universal Access in the Information Society, 19(3), 685–700. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-019-00653-2
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-019-00653-2
Google Scholar
Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1976). Eye fixations and cognitive processes. Cognitive Psychology, 8(4), 441–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(76)90015-3
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(76)90015-3
Google Scholar
Kumar, S., Shree DV, J., & Biswas, P. (2021). Comparing ten WCAG tools for accessibility evaluation of websites. Technology and Disability, 33(3), 163–185. https://doi.org/10.3233/TAD-210329
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3233/TAD-210329
Google Scholar
Leszczyńska, E. (2019). Polacy w sieci: Analiza przemian użytkowania Internetu. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej.
Google Scholar
Michalska, A. M., You, C. X., Nicolini, A. M., Ippolito, V. J., & Fink, W. (2014). Accessible Web Page Design for the Visually Impaired: A Case Study. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 30, 995–1002. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2014.925771
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2014.925771
Google Scholar
Miłosz, M. (2014). Ergonomia systemów informatycznych. Politechnika Lubelska. Narzędzie do blogowania, platforma wydawnicza i system zarządzania treścią witryny (n.d.). WordPress.org Polska. Retrieved May 20, 2022, from https://pl.wordpress.org
Google Scholar
Pascual, A., Ribera, M., Granollers, T., & Coiduras, J. L. (2014). Impact of Accessibility Barriers on the Mood of Blind, Low-vision and Sighted Users. Procedia Computer Science, 27, 431–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2014.02.047
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2014.02.047
Google Scholar
Pivetta, E. M., Flor, C., Saito, D. S., & Ulbricht, V. R. (2013). Analysis of an Automatic Accessibility Evaluator to Validate a Virtual and Authenticated Environment. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 4(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2013.040403
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2013.040403
Google Scholar
Sanderson, N., Chen, W., & Kessel, S. (2015). The Accessibility of Web-Based Media Services – An Evaluation. In M. Antona & C. Stephanidis (Eds.), Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Access to Today's Technologies. UAHCI 2015. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (9175, pp. 242-252). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20678-3_24
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20678-3_24
Google Scholar
Stasiak, W., & Dzieńkowski, M. (2021). Accessibility assessment of selected university websites. Journal of Computer Sciences Institute, 19, 81–88. https://doi.org/10.35784/jcsi.2462
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35784/jcsi.2462
Google Scholar
TVP Info. (n.d.). TVP Info. Retrieved May 20, 2022, from https://www.tvp.info
Google Scholar
WAVE Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool. (n.d.). WAVE Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool. Retrieved May 20, 2022, from https://wave.webaim.org
Google Scholar
Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1. (n.d.). World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved May 20, 2022, from https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG
Google Scholar
Yoon, K., Dols, R., Hulscher, L., & Newberry, T. (2016). An exploratory study of library website accessibility for visually impaired users. Library & Information Science Research, 38(3), 250–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2016.08.006
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2016.08.006
Google Scholar
Authors
Błażej BADZIOblazej.badzio@pollub.edu.pl
Department of Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, Lublin, Poland
Authors
Agnieszka BODZIAKDepartment of Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, Lublin Poland
Authors
Bartłomiej BRODAWKADepartment of Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, Lublin Poland
Authors
Karol BUCHAJCZUKDepartment of Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, Lublin, Poland
Authors
Maria SKUBLEWSKA-PASZKOWSKADepartment of Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, Lublin, Poland
Authors
Mariusz DZIEŃKOWSKIDepartment of Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, Lublin, Poland
Authors
Paweł POWROŹNIKDepartment of Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, Lublin Poland
Statistics
Abstract views: 348PDF downloads: 300
License
All articles published in Applied Computer Science are open-access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Most read articles by the same author(s)
- Katarzyna KUREK, Maria Skublewska-Paszkowska, Mariusz DZIENKOWSKI, Paweł POWROZNIK, THE IMPACT OF APPLYING UNIVERSAL DESIGN PRINCIPLES ON THE USABILITY OF ONLINE ACCOMMODATION BOOKING WEBSITES , Applied Computer Science: Vol. 20 No. 1 (2024)
Similar Articles
- Katarzyna KUREK, Maria Skublewska-Paszkowska, Mariusz DZIENKOWSKI, Paweł POWROZNIK, THE IMPACT OF APPLYING UNIVERSAL DESIGN PRINCIPLES ON THE USABILITY OF ONLINE ACCOMMODATION BOOKING WEBSITES , Applied Computer Science: Vol. 20 No. 1 (2024)
- Ghania Zidani, Djalal DJARAH, Abdslam BENMAKHLOUF, Laid KHETTACHE, OPTIMIZING PEDESTRIAN TRACKING FOR ROBUST PERCEPTION WITH YOLOv8 AND DEEPSORT , Applied Computer Science: Vol. 20 No. 1 (2024)
- Irena NOWOTYŃSKA, Stanisław KUT, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF DIE DESIGN ON ITS LOAD AND DISTRIBUTION OF STRESS DURING EXTRUSION , Applied Computer Science: Vol. 14 No. 4 (2018)
- Anna MACHROWSKA, Robert KARPIŃSKI, Józef JONAK, Jakub SZABELSKI, NUMERICAL PREDICTION OF THE COMPONENT-RATIO-DEPENDENT COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF BONE CEMENT , Applied Computer Science: Vol. 16 No. 3 (2020)
- Anna MACHROWSKA, Robert KARPIŃSKI, Przemysław KRAKOWSKI, Józef JONAK, DIAGNOSTIC FACTORS FOR OPENED AND CLOSED KINEMATIC CHAIN OF VIBROARTHROGRAPHY SIGNALS , Applied Computer Science: Vol. 15 No. 3 (2019)
- Błażej CZAJKA, Patryk RÓŻYŁO, Hubert DĘBSKI, STABILITY AND FAILURE OF THIN-WALLED COMPOSITE STRUCTURES WITH A SQUARE CROSS-SECTION , Applied Computer Science: Vol. 18 No. 2 (2022)
- Robert KARPIŃSKI, Przemysław KRAKOWSKI, Józef JONAK, Anna MACHROWSKA, Marcin MACIEJEWSKI, COMPARISON OF SELECTED CLASSIFICATION METHODS BASED ON MACHINE LEARNING AS A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL FOR KNEE JOINT CARTILAGE DAMAGE BASED ON GENERATED VIBROACOUSTIC PROCESSES , Applied Computer Science: Vol. 19 No. 4 (2023)
- Grzegorz SUCHANEK, Roman FILIPEK, COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS (CFD) AIDED DESIGN OF A MULTI-ROTOR FLYING ROBOT FOR LOCATING SOURCES OF PARTICULATE MATTER POLLUTION , Applied Computer Science: Vol. 18 No. 3 (2022)
- Rafał WOJSZCZYK, VERIFICATION OF ACCURACY AND COST OF USE METHODS OF QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF IMPLEMENTATION OF DESIGN PATTERNS , Applied Computer Science: Vol. 15 No. 1 (2019)
- Ihor PYSMENNYI, Anatolii PETRENKO, Roman KYSLYI, GRAPH-BASED FOG COMPUTING NETWORK MODEL , Applied Computer Science: Vol. 16 No. 4 (2020)
You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.
