Evaluation Model of Environmental Sustainable Competitive Tourism Based on Entropy
Danijela Pantović
danijela.durkalic@kg.ac.rsUniversity of Kragujevac, Faculty of Hotel Management and Tourism in Vrnjačka Banja, Vojvođanska bb, 36210 Vrnjačka Banja, Serbia (Serbia)
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8605-8614
Marija Kostić
University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Hotel Management and Tourism in Vrnjačka Banja, Vojvođanska bb, 36210 Vrnjačka Banja, Serbia (Serbia)
Sonja Veljović
University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Hotel Management and Tourism in Vrnjačka Banja, Vojvođanska bb, 36210 Vrnjačka Banja, Serbia (Serbia)
Milica Luković
University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Hotel Management and Tourism in Vrnjačka Banja, Vojvođanska bb, 36210 Vrnjačka Banja, Serbia (Serbia)
Abstract
Despite the valuable economic benefits of tourism, it must be highlighted that the tourism industry is an important source of stress for the environment with the main influence on tourist destinations. The aim of this study is to investigate the elements of environmental sustainability in tourism as key factors in the competitiveness of tourism using entropy methods. According to the authors’ knowledge, it is the first time that the entropy model applied to Environmental sustainability indicators, regarding entropy as a measure of non-uniformity among sustainability indicators of EU countries. The data of the EU were used and Environmental sustainability pillar of the Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index. The results show that the total entropy of the competitiveness of tourism within the environmental sustainability sub-index of the EU countries speaks in favor of the uniformity of the indicators. The study also reveals significant differences among the EU27 in the domain of the Global Climate Risk index, Baseline water stress and Forest cover loss. Furthermore, convergence has been achieved so far in the indicators Red List Index and Environmental treaty ratification. Finally, the methodological approach of this study has the potential to be extrapolated worldwide, especially in the future era of global environmental problems.
Keywords:
environmental sustainability, competitiveness, tourism, entropy methodsReferences
ANGELKOVA T., KOTESKI C., JAKOVLEV Z., MITREVSKA E., 2012, Sustainability and Competitiveness of Tourism. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 44: 221–227.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.05.023
Google Scholar
APPLEBY‐ARNOLD S., BROCKDORFF N., JAKOVLJEV I., ZDRAVKOVIĆ S., 2021, Disaster preparedness and cul-tural factors: a comparative study in Romania and Malta, Disasters 45(3): 664-690.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12433
Google Scholar
BEM H., GALLORINI M., RIZZIO E., KRZEMIŃSKA M., 2003, Comparative studies on the concentrations of some ele-ments in the urban air particulate matter in Lodz City of Poland and in Milan, Italy, Environment International29(4): 423-428.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00190-3
Google Scholar
BRUNBJERG A. K., BLADT J., BRINK M., FREDSHAVN J., MIKKELSEN P., MOESLUND J. E., ... EJRNÆS R., 2016, Development and implementation of a high nature value (HNV) farming indicator for Denmark, Ecological Indicators, 61: 274-281.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.09.027
Google Scholar
BUHALIS D., 2000, Tourism and information technologies: Past, present and future, Tourism recreation research 25(1): 41-58.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2000.11014899
Google Scholar
CONCEPCIÓN E. D., 2021, Urban sprawl into Natura 2000 network over Europe, Conservation Biology 35(4): 1063-1072.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13687
Google Scholar
COPPOCK J. T., 1982, Tourism and conservation, Tourism Management 3(4): 270-276.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(82)90049-8
Google Scholar
CROES R., KUBICKOVA M., 2013, From potential to ability to compete: Towards a performance-based tourism competi-tiveness index, Journal of Destination Marketing & Management 2: 146-154.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2013.07.002
Google Scholar
CZYŻ T., HAUKE J., 2015, Entropy in regional analysis, Quaestiones Geographicae 34(4): 69-78.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/quageo-2015-0037
Google Scholar
DANISH GOVERNMENT, 2014, Danish Nature Policy – Our Shared Nature, https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/dk/dk-nbsap-v2-en.pdf.
Google Scholar
DIAS J. G., 2017, Environmental sustainability measurement in the Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: An empirical analysis of its reliability, Ecological Indicators, 73: 589-596.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.10.008
Google Scholar
DIMITRIJEVIĆ M., RISTIĆ L., BOŠKOVIĆ N., 2022, Rural tourism as a driver of the economic and rural development in the Republic of Serbia, Hotel and Tourism Management 10(1): 79–90, DOI: 10.5937/menhottur2201079D.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5937/menhottur2201079D
Google Scholar
EL-AIDIE S., ALSEIARI H.S.M., KHALIF G. S. A., 2021, Tourism Sustainability and Competitiveness: A strategic plat-form, City University eJournal of Academic Research (CUeJAR) 3(2).
Google Scholar
ERIKSEN R. L., PADGITT-COBB L. K., TOWNSEND M. S., HENNING J. A., 2021, Gene expression for secondary metabolite biosynthesis in hop (Humulus lupulus L.) leaf lupulin glands exposed to heat and low-water stress, Scientific Re-ports 11(1): 1-18.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84691-y
Google Scholar
EUROPEAN COMMISSION, 2022, Second Biennial Report of the European Union under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/European%20Union_second_biennial_report_under_the _unfccc_%282%29.pdf.
Google Scholar
EUROPEAN COMMISSION, 2022a, EU funding possibilities in the energy sector, https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/funding-and-financing/eu-funding-possibilities-energy-sector_en.
Google Scholar
EUROSTAT, 2022, Greenhouse gas emission statistics – emission inventories, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas_emission_statistics_-_emission_inventories.
Google Scholar
FARSARI Y., BUTLER R., PRASTACOS P., 2007, Sustainable tourism policy for Mediterranean destinations: issues and interrelationships, International Journal of Tourism Policy 1(1): 58-78.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTP.2007.013898
Google Scholar
HONG, W. C., 2009, Global competitiveness measurement for the tourism sector, Current issues in tourism 12(2): 105-132.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500802596359
Google Scholar
HU W., WALL G., 2005, Environmental management, environmental image and the competitive tourist attraction, Journal of sustainable tourism 13(6): 617-635.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580508668584
Google Scholar
HUYBERS T., BENNETT J., 2003, Environmental management and the competitiveness of nature-based tourism destinations, Environmental and Resource Economics 24(3): 213-233.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022942001100
Google Scholar
KAYAR Ç. H., KOZAK N., 2010, Measuring Destination Competitiveness: An Application of the Travel and Tourism Com-petitiveness Index (2007), Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management 19(3): 203-216.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19368621003591319
Google Scholar
KEENAN R. J., REAMS G. A., ACHARD F., DE FREITAS J. V., GRAINGER A., LINDQUIST E., 2015, Dynamics of global forest area: Results from the FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015, Forest Ecology and Management 352: 9-20.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.06.014
Google Scholar
KOZAK M., RIMMINGTON M., 1999, Measuring tourist destination competitiveness: Conceptual considerations and empir-ical findings, Hospitality Management 18: 273-283.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4319(99)00034-1
Google Scholar
KUNST I., IVANDIĆ N., 2021, The viability of the travel and tourism competitiveness index as a reliable measure of destina-tion competitiveness: the case of the Mediterranean region, European Journal of Tourism Research 27: 2704.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v27i.2124
Google Scholar
LAVRNIĆ S., ZAPATER-PEREYRA M., MANCINI M. L., 2017, Water scarcity and wastewater reuse standards in South-ern Europe: focus on agriculture, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 228(7): 1-12.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-017-3425-2
Google Scholar
LERARIO A., DI TURI S., 2018, Sustainable urban tourism: Reflections on the need for building-related indicators, Sustainability 10(6): 1981.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su10061981
Google Scholar
MANRAI L. A., MANRAI A. K., FRIEDEBORN S., 2020, Environmental determinants of destination competitiveness and its Tourism Attractions-Basics-Context, A-B-C, indicators: A review, conceptual model and propositions, Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science 25(50): 425-449.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JEFAS-01-2018-0010
Google Scholar
MYSIAK J., TORRESAN S., BOSELLO F., MISTRY M., AMADIO M., MARZI S., ... SPEROTTO A., 2018, Climate risk index for Italy, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376(2121): 20170305.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0305
Google Scholar
NAZMFAR H., ESHGHEI A., ALAVI S., POURMORADIAN S., 2019, Analysis of travel and tourism competitiveness index in middle-east countries, Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 24(6): 501-513.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2019.1590428
Google Scholar
NILSSON L. J., JOHANSSON B., ÅSTRAND K., ERICSSON K., SVENNINGSSON P., BÖRJESSON P., NEIJ L., 2004, Seeing the wood for the trees: 25 years of renewable energy policy in Sweden, Energy for Sustainable Development 8(1): 67-81.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0973-0826(08)60392-0
Google Scholar
PERRONE M. G., VRATOLIS S., GEORGIEVA E., TÖRÖK S., ŠEGA K., VELEVA B., ... BELIS C. A., 2018, Sources and geographic origin of particulate matter in urban areas of the Danube macro-region: The cases of Zagreb (Croatia), Budapest (Hungary) and Sofia (Bulgaria), Science of the Total Environment 619: 1515-1529.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.092
Google Scholar
WORLD TRAVEL & TOURISM COUNCIL, 2021, Global Economic Impact & Trends 2021, https://wttc.org/Portals/0/Documents/Reports/2021/Global%20Economic%20Impact%20and%20Trends%202021.
Google Scholar
PORTER M. E., 1990, The competitive advantage of nations, The free Press, New York.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11336-1
Google Scholar
PULIDO-FERNÁNDEZ J. I., ANDRADES-CALDITO L., SÁNCHEZ-RIVERO M., 2015, Is sustainable tourism an obsta-cle to the economic performance of the tourism industry? Evidence from an international empirical study, Journal of sustaina-ble tourism 23(1): 47-64.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2014.909447
Google Scholar
PULIDO-FERNÁNDEZ J. I., CÁRDENAS-GARCÍA P. J., ESPINOSA-PULIDO J. A., 2019, Does environmental sus-tainability contribute to tourism growth? An analysis at the country level, Journal of Cleaner Production 213: 309-319.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.151
Google Scholar
QI W., XIONG H., PENG X., 2021, How to Promote International Competitiveness of China's Renewable Energy Products? – Based on SNA Theory. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 30(5).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/130635
Google Scholar
RADULESCU M., FEDAJEV A., SINISI C. I., POPESCU C., IACOB S. E., 2018, Europe 2020 implementation as driver of economic performance and competitiveness. Panel analysis of CEE countries, Sustainability 10(2): 566.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020566
Google Scholar
RODRÍGUEZ-DÍAZ B., PULIDO-FERNÁNDEZ J. I., 2020, Analysis of the Worth of the Weights in a new Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index, Journal of Travel Research 60(2).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519899982
Google Scholar
SANLI C., BALOGLU S., 2006, A competitiveness analysis of the eight Mediterranean countries based on tourism indices (3rd ed.), Lisansüstü Turizm Ögrencileri Kongresi Bildiri Kitabi, Çanakkale Türkiye.
Google Scholar
SHAFIEE S., GHATARI A. R., HASANZADEH A., JAHANYAN S., 2019, Developing a model for sustainable smart tourism destinations: A systematic review, Tourism Management Perspectives 31: 287-300.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.06.002
Google Scholar
SHANNON C. E., 1948, A mathematical theory of communication, Bell System Technical Journal 27: 379-423, 623-656.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb00917.x
Google Scholar
SÓWKA I., CHLEBOWSKA-STYŚ A., PACHURKA Ł., ROGULA-KOZŁOWSKA W., MATHEWS B., 2019, Analysis of particulate matter concentration variability and origin in selected urban areas in Poland, Sustainability 11(20): 5735.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205735
Google Scholar
STOICA M., 2022, The pecularities of the competitiveness of the tourism sector of the Republic of Moldova, ЕКОНОМІКА ТА СУСПІЛЬСТВО 41, DOI: 10.32782/2524-0072/2022-41-58.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32782/2524-0072/2022-41-58
Google Scholar
TAINIO M., TUOMISTO J. T., HÄNNINEN O., AARNIO P., KOISTINEN K. J., JANTUNEN M. J., PEKKANEN, J., 2005, Health effects caused by primary fine particulate matter (PM2. 5) emitted from buses in the Helsinki metropolitan area, Finland, Risk Analysis: An International Journal 25(1): 151-160.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2005.00574.x
Google Scholar
UNEP, UNWTO, 2012, Tourism in the green economy – Background report. UNWTO, Madrid.
Google Scholar
VANUYTRECHT E., RAES D., WILLEMS P., 2016, Regional and global climate projections increase mid-century yield variability and crop productivity in Belgium, Regional Environmental Change 16(3): 659-672.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-015-0773-6
Google Scholar
WEFORUM, 2022, Averting an energy crisis requires bold investment in renewable energy — particularly in developing economies, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/09/energy-crisis-investment-renewable-energy-developing-economies/.
Google Scholar
WEFORUM, 2021, Interactive Data and Economy Profiles, Travel & Tourism Development index 2021 Edition, https://www.weforum.org/reports/travel-and-tourism-development-index-2021/explore-the-data.
Google Scholar
WHO Regional Office for Europe, OECD, 2015, Economic cost of the health impact of air pollution in Europe, Clean Air, Health and Wealth, Copenhagen.
Google Scholar
WTO (World Tourism Organization), 2015, UNWTO tourism highlights, World Tourism Organization.
Google Scholar
ZAMFIR A., COLESCA S. E., CORBOS R. A., 2016, Public policies to support the development of renewable energy in Romania: A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58: 87-106.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.235
Google Scholar
Authors
Danijela Pantovićdanijela.durkalic@kg.ac.rs
University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Hotel Management and Tourism in Vrnjačka Banja, Vojvođanska bb, 36210 Vrnjačka Banja, Serbia Serbia
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8605-8614
Authors
Marija KostićUniversity of Kragujevac, Faculty of Hotel Management and Tourism in Vrnjačka Banja, Vojvođanska bb, 36210 Vrnjačka Banja, Serbia Serbia
Authors
Sonja VeljovićUniversity of Kragujevac, Faculty of Hotel Management and Tourism in Vrnjačka Banja, Vojvođanska bb, 36210 Vrnjačka Banja, Serbia Serbia
Authors
Milica LukovićUniversity of Kragujevac, Faculty of Hotel Management and Tourism in Vrnjačka Banja, Vojvođanska bb, 36210 Vrnjačka Banja, Serbia Serbia
Statistics
Abstract views: 346PDF downloads: 287
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.