Feminist Mining: A Step Towards Sustainable Mininig in India
Priya Singh
Indian Institute of Technology(ISM), Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Dhanbad-826004, India (India)
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3394-9709
Ajit Kumar Behura
Indian Institute of Technology(ISM), Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Dhanbad-826004, India (India)
Abstract
Economic growth and development with least harm to the environment is one of the biggest challenges for the human. Mining which is considered to be the most inherently unsustainable industry, is at the same time, plays key role in the development process in India and across Globe. It occupy primary position in the supply chain, contributing to the foreign direct investment, exports, government taxes, GDP (National Income) and provide huge labour employment.
This paper studies industrial elimination of women, prolong industrial patriarchy, impetuous production, rising demand pressure has added to the quadrupling problems of land degradation, disposal of over burden/waste discharge, deforestation, pollution(air, water, and noise), and damage to forest flora and fauna, occupational health hazards and extreme global environmental damage in a rapid, continuous manner. These continuous and multi-layered problems are giving us reason to re-visioning steps, where we went wrong.
Theoretical foundation of eco-feminism traces that negligence and suppression of women in general and in the mining industry, is one of the probable cause that hit environment fiercely. With this in mind, this paper suggests theory of eco-feminism into male centric mining industry as a perspective which is more likely to lead to industrial sustainability, making it more responsible and may provide pro-environmental solutions to the industry. This feminist concept extending it from individualistic level into mining organisations proposes as one of the alternative to combine ecology and commerce to envision sustainability.
Keywords:
sustainability, ecology, environmental degradation, feminism, economic developmentReferences
ABRAHAMSSON L., SEGERSTEDT E., NYGREN M., ET AL., 2014, Mining and Sustainable Development: Gender, Diversity and Work Conditions in Mining, Luleå tekniska universitet.
Google Scholar
ABUNGE C., COULTHARD S., DAW TM., 2013, Connecting marine ecosystem services to human well-being: insights from participatory well-being assessment in Kenya, Ambio, 42: 1010-1021.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-013-0456-9
Google Scholar
AGARWAL B., 1992, The gender and environment debate: Lessons from India, Fem Stud, 18:119-158.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3178217
Google Scholar
AHMAD N., LAHIRI-DUTT K., 2006, Engendering mining communities: examining the missing gender concerns in coal mining displacement and rehabilitation in India, Gend Technol Dev 10: 313-339.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/097185240601000302
Google Scholar
AMUTABI M., LUTTA-MUKHEBI M., 2001, Gender and mining in Kenya: The case of Mukibira mines in Vihiga District, Jenda a J Cult African women Stud, 1.
Google Scholar
AZAPAGIC A., 2004, Developing a framework for sustainable development indicators for the mining and minerals industry, J Clean Prod, 12: 639-662.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-6526(03)00075-1
Google Scholar
BAUHARDT C., 2014, Solutions to the crisis? The Green New Deal, Degrowth, and the Solidarity Economy: Alternatives to the capitalist growth economy from an ecofeminist economics perspective, Ecol Econ, 102: 60-68.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.03.015
Google Scholar
BLOCKER T., ECKBERG D., 1989, Environmental issues as women’s issues: General concerns and local hazards, Soc Sci Q, 70: 586.
Google Scholar
BORIS E., JANSSENS A., JANSSENS A., 1999, Complicating categories: gender, class, race and ethnicity, Cambridge University Press.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511563867
Google Scholar
BRADSHAW S., 2019, Sustainability and Gender Equality: Exploring the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. In: Environment and Sustainability in a Globalizing World, Routledge: 232-245.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315714714-14
Google Scholar
BRUSH L., 1999, Gender, work, who cares?! Production, reproduction, deindustrialization, and business as usual, Revis Gend, 161-189.
Google Scholar
BUCKINGHAM S., 2015, Ecofeminism.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.91020-1
Google Scholar
CHAUHAN S.S., 2010, Mining, development and environment: a case study of Bijolia mining area in Rajasthan, India, J Hum Ecol, 31: 65-72.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2010.11906299
Google Scholar
CIL Annual Reports and Accounts, 2018-19, Kolkata.
Google Scholar
DANKELMAN J., 1989, Women and the Environment in the Third World, Routledge, London, U.K.
Google Scholar
DAVIDSON D.J., FREUDENBURG W.R., 1996, Gender and environmental risk concerns: A review and analysis of available research, Environ Behav, 28: 302-339.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916596283003
Google Scholar
DESHPANDE S.R.,1946, Report on an Enquiry into Conditions of Labour in the Coal Mining Industry in India.
Google Scholar
DGMS, 2020, The History, http://dgms.gov.in/UserView/index?mid=1396 (14.05.2020).
Google Scholar
ERGAS C., YORK R., 2012, Women’s status and carbon dioxide emissions: A quantitative crossnational analysis, Soc Sci Res, 41: 965-976.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.03.008
Google Scholar
GAARD G., GRUEN L., 1993, Ecofeminism: Toward global justice and planetary health, Soc Nat, 2: 1-35.
Google Scholar
GIBSON G., SCOBLE M., 2004, 'Regendernering' the mining industry A survey of women’s career experiences in mining, CIM Bull, 54-59.
Google Scholar
GIER J., MERCIER L., 2006, Mining women: Gender in the development of a global industry, 1670 to 2005, Springer.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-73399-6
Google Scholar
GOMES C., KNEIPP J., KRUGLIANSKAS I., et al., 2014, Management for sustainability in companies of the mining sector: an analysis of the main factors related with the business performance, J Clean Prod, 84: 84-93.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.08.030
Google Scholar
GREENBAUM A.,1995, Taking stock of two decades of research on the social bases of environmental concern, Environ Sociol Theory Pract: 125-152.
Google Scholar
GROSSMAN M., WOOD W., 1993, Sex differences in intensity of emotional experience: a social role interpretation, J Pers Soc Psychol, 65: 1010.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.65.5.1010
Google Scholar
HAMILTON L., 1985, Concern about toxic wastes: Three demographic predictors, Sociol Perspect, 28:463-486.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1389229
Google Scholar
HILSON G., 2002, Small‐scale mining and its socio‐economic impact in developing countries, Natural Resources Forum, Wiley Online Library: 3-13.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.00002
Google Scholar
HINTON J., VEIGA M., BEINHOFF C., 2003, Women and artisanal mining: gender roles and the road ahead. socio-economic impacts Artis smallscale, Min Dev Ctries: 149-188.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203971284.ch11
Google Scholar
HOSKINS M., 1982, Social forestry in West Africa: myths and realities, Department of Sociology, Virginia Tech.
Google Scholar
HOVE E., HLONGWANA J., 2015, A step into the male dominated mining sector: Women’s participation in mining: the case of Kwekwe District, Zimbabwe, J Humanit Soc Sci, 20: 99-104.
Google Scholar
IFC, 2013, Investing in Women’s Employment, Washington.
Google Scholar
ILO Underground Work (Women) Convention, 1935, (No. 45), https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C045 (1.05.2020).
Google Scholar
INDEX MC., 2018, Role of mining in national economies.
Google Scholar
IOCL, 2019, Annual Report.
Google Scholar
JACKSON C., 1993, Doing what comes naturally? Women and environment in development, World Dev, 21: 1947-1963.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(93)90068-K
Google Scholar
JENKINS K., 2014, Women, mining and development: An emerging research agenda, Extr Ind Soc, 1: 329-339.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2014.08.004
Google Scholar
KAUR P., 1987, Woman labour in India a socio legal study, Panjab University.
Google Scholar
KIRSCH S., 2010, Sustainable mining, Dialect Anthropol, 34: 87-93.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10624-009-9113-x
Google Scholar
KÖHLER-ROLLEFSON I., 2018, Purdah, purse and patriarchy: The position of women in the Raika shepherd community in Rajasthan (India), J AridEnviron, 149: 30-39.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2017.09.010
Google Scholar
LAHIRI-DUTT K., 2018, Between the Plough and the Pick: Informal, Artisanal and Small-scale Mining in the Contemporary World, ANU Press, Australia.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22459/BPP.03.2018
Google Scholar
LAHIRI-DUTT K., 2011, The megaproject of mining: A feminist critique, Engineering earth, Springer: 329-351.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9920-4_20
Google Scholar
LAHIRI-DUTT K., 2006, Gendered Livelihoods in Small Mines and Quarries in India: Living on the edge, Rajiv Gandhi Institute for Contemporary Studies Canberra, Australia.
Google Scholar
LAHIRI-DUTT K., 2007, Roles and status of women in extractive industries in India: Making a place for a gender-sensitive mining development, Soc Change, 37: 37-64.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/004908570703700403
Google Scholar
LAHIRI-DUTT K., 2012, The shifting gender of coal: Feminist musings on women’s work in Indian collieries, South Asia J South Asia Stud, 35: 456-476, https://doi.org/10.1080/00856401.2011.633984.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00856401.2011.633984
Google Scholar
LAHIRI-DUTT K., 2019, The act that shaped the gender of industrial mining: Unintended impacts of the British mines act of 1842 on women’s status in the industry.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2019.02.011
Google Scholar
LEACH M., 2007, Earth mother myths and other ecofeminist fables: How a strategic notion rose and fell, Dev Change, 38: 67-85.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2007.00403.x
Google Scholar
LEVINE A., 1982, Love Canal: Science, politics, and people.
Google Scholar
MAHESHA A., 2011, Environmental degradation in the context of modernization a study of rural Karnataka, Bangalore University.
Google Scholar
MATHEWS F., 1994, Relating to nature: Deep ecology or ecofeminism? The Trumpeter.
Google Scholar
MAYES R., PINI B., 2010, The ‘feminine revolution in mining’: A critique, Aust Geogr, 41: 233-245.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00049181003742336
Google Scholar
MERCHANT C., 2006, The scientific revolution and the death of nature.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/508090
Google Scholar
MERCIER L., 2011, Bordering on equality: Women miners in North America, Gendering F TowarSustain, 33.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22459/GF.03.2011.03
Google Scholar
MIHAIL D., 2006, Gender‐based stereotypes in the workplace: the case of Greece, Equal Oppor Int.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/02610150610706708
Google Scholar
MININSTRY OF MINES, 2019, Annual Report.
Google Scholar
MINISTRY OF LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT, 2019, Now Equal Employment Opportunities for Women in Mines, Press Inf. Bur., https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=187977.
Google Scholar
MOHANTY N., GOYAL A., 2012, Sustainable Development: emerging issues in India’s mineral sector. Res Study.
Google Scholar
MOIL, 2019, Annual Report 2018-19.
Google Scholar
MOSER C., 1989, Gender planning in the Third World: meeting practical and strategic gender needs, World Dev, 17: 1799-1825. Singh & Behura/Problemy Ekorozwoju/Problems of Sustainable Development 1/2022, 235-245 245
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(89)90201-5
Google Scholar
NELKIN D., 1981, Nuclear power as a feminist issue, Environment, 23(1)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00139157.1981.9940928
Google Scholar
NLC, 2019, Annual Report.
Google Scholar
NMDC, 2019, Annual Report 2018-19.
Google Scholar
OFFER S., SCHNEIDER B., 2011, Revisiting the gender gap in time-use patterns: Multitasking and well-being among mothers and fathers in dual-earner families, Am Sociol Rev, 76: 809-833.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122411425170
Google Scholar
ONGC, 2019, Annual Report 2018-19.
Google Scholar
ONN A.H., WOODLEY A., 2014, A discourse analysis on how the sustainability agenda is defined within the mining industry, J Clean Prod, 84: 116-127.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.03.086
Google Scholar
ONUH B., 2002, Salt Women of Keana.
Google Scholar
PATTENDEN C., 1998, Women in Mining: A Report to the 'Women in Mining' Taskforce, the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy.
Google Scholar
PIMENTEL B., GONZALEZ E., BARBOSA G., 2016, Decision-support models for sustainable mining networks: fundamentals and challenges, J Clean Prod.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.09.023
Google Scholar
PRESSEND M., MTHETHWA D., HLABANE M., MARA I., 1995, Breaking communication barriers between communities affected by mining and the mining industry in South Africa, Agenda, 21:2.
Google Scholar
REYES-GARCÍA V., VILA S., ACEITUNO-MATA L. et al., 2010, Gendered homegardens: a study in three mountain areas of the Iberian Peninsula, Econ Bot, 64: 235-247.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-010-9124-1
Google Scholar
RICKARD S., TREASURE W., MCQUILKEN J. et al., 2017, Women in mining: Can a mining law unlock the potential of women.
Google Scholar
RITSEMA IL., 2002, Asset life-cycle in the mining industry: Deposit and Geoenvironmental Models for Resource Exploitation and Environmental Security. Springer, pp 277–290.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0303-2_14
Google Scholar
ROCHELEAU D.E., 1991, Gender, ecology, and the science of survival: Stories and lessons from Kenya, Agric Human Values, 8: 156-165.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01579669
Google Scholar
SAIL, 2019, Annual Report 2018-19.
Google Scholar
SALINAS P., ROMANÍ G., 2014, Gender barriers in Chilean mining: a strategic management, Acad Rev Latinoam Adm.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ARLA-11-2013-0184
Google Scholar
SAYER LC., 2007, Gender differences in the relationship between long employee hours and multitasking, Res Sociol Work, 17: 403.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-2833(07)17013-8
Google Scholar
SCHILT K., CONNELL C., 2007, Do workplace gender transitions make gender trouble?, Gender, Work Organ, 14: 596-618.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.2007.00373.x
Google Scholar
SCHOLZ T., 2017, Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining. Mining in the Asia-Pacific, Springer: 271-283.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61395-6_16
Google Scholar
SHIVA V., 1988, Staying alive: Women, ecology and survival in India, Kali for Women.
Google Scholar
SIGAM C., GARCIA L., 2012, Extractive industries: Optimizing value retention in host countries, UNCTAD New York and Geneva.
Google Scholar
SPECTRUM, 2018, Women and EIA processes, Myanmar.
Google Scholar
STOET G., O’CONNOR DB., CONNER M., LAWS KR., 2013, Are women better than men at multitasking?, BMC Psychol, 1: 18.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2050-7283-1-18
Google Scholar
SUDHAMANI P.M., 2017, A critical study into the Implementation of ilo conventions pertaining To the working conditions of women workers in India with
Google Scholar
special reference to the selected Industrial establishment in Karnataka, Karnatak University.
Google Scholar
SYED M.G., BHAT S.J.A. SHG, 2013, mining and its impacts on environment with special reference to India, Int J Curr Res, 5: 3586-3589.
Google Scholar
UDAYAKUMARA R., 2008, Aspects of flexibility in the implementation of international labour standards in India, Jawaharlal Nehru University.
Google Scholar
VAJDA S., 1976, Introduction to Minimax, J R Stat Soc Ser A, 139: 276.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2345194
Google Scholar
VAN G. G., 2006, An international experiment of women workers: The International Federation of Working Women, 1919-1924, Rev belge Philol
Google Scholar
d’histoire, 84: 1025-1047.
Google Scholar
VINTRÓ C., SANMIQUEL L., FREIJO M., 2014, Environmental sustainability in the mining sector: evidence from Catalan companies, J Clean Prod, 84:155-163.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.12.069
Google Scholar
WARD B., 2010, Gender-sensitive approaches for the extractive industry in Peru: improving the impact on women in poverty and their families, The World
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-8208-0
Google Scholar
Bank.
Google Scholar
WARING M., STEINEM G., 1988, If women counted: A new feminist economics, Harper & Row San Francisco.
Google Scholar
WILSON J.R.R., 1907, Report of the Chief Inspector of mines in India, Calcutta.
Google Scholar
WORLDWIDE ELA., 2010, Guidebook for evaluating mining project EIAs, Eugene, OR Environ Law Alliance Worldw.
Google Scholar
YANG S., LIU Y., MAI Q., 2018, Is the quality of female auditors really better? Evidence based on the Chinese A-share market, China J Account Res, 11:325-350.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjar.2018.07.004
Google Scholar
93. YOUNT K., 1991, Ladies, flirts, and tomboys: Strategies for managing sexual harassment in an underground coal mine, J Contemp Ethnogr, 19: 396-422.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/089124191019004002
Google Scholar
ZIEGER R., 2010, The ILO and the Quest for Social Justice, 1919-2009.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/15476715-2010-040
Google Scholar
Authors
Priya SinghIndian Institute of Technology(ISM), Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Dhanbad-826004, India India
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3394-9709
Authors
Ajit Kumar BehuraIndian Institute of Technology(ISM), Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Dhanbad-826004, India India
Statistics
Abstract views: 53PDF downloads: 32
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.