What Factors can Influence the Expansion of Protected Areas around the World in the Context of International Environmental and Development Goals?
Zdeněk Opršal
zdenek.oprsal@upol.czDepartment of Development and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic (Czechia)
Jaromír Harmáček
Department of Development and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic (Czechia)
Petr Pavlík
Department of Development and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic (Czechia)
Ivo Machar
Department of Development and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic (Czechia)
Abstract
The protection of biodiversity is an integral part of sustainable development. All the major international environmental and development programs – Aichi Biodiversity Targets, Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals – have committed countries to conserving valuable ecosystems by ensuring that a certain proportion of their terrestrial and marine areas are protected. While many countries have registered improvements in their coverage of protected areas, a significant number are behind in their targets. This paper attempts to shed light on the role of various factors in nature conservation which go beyond the performances of individual countries. Regression analyses were performed on variables that could influence the coverage of protected areas. The main findings point to the significance of economic development, whereas other factors remain less relevant. Although the level of economic development corresponds to the protected areas on an individual country level, it does not automatically ensure a slowdown in biodiversity loss.
Keywords:
protected area, biodiversity, environmental indicator, sustainable development, Millennium Development Goals, Sustainable Development Goals, Aichi Biodiversity TargetsReferences
ADAMS W.M., et al., 2004, Biodiversity Conservation and the Eradication of Poverty, in: Science, vol. 306, p. 1146-1149.
Google Scholar
ANDO A., CAMM J., POLASKY S., SOLOW A., 1998, Species Distributions, Land Values, and Efficient Conservation, in: Science, vol. 279, p. 2126.
Google Scholar
BROCKINGTON D., WILKIE D., 2015, Protected areas and poverty, in: Phil. Trans. R. Soc., B 370: 20140271.
Google Scholar
BRUNER A.G., GULLISON R.E., RICE R.E., DA FONSECA G.A.B., 2001, Effectiveness of parks in protecting tropical biodiversity, in: Science, vol. 291, p. 125-128.
Google Scholar
BUTCHART, et al., 2010, Global Biodiversity: Indicators of Recent Declines, in: Science, vol. 328, p. 1164-1168.
Google Scholar
CBD, 2010, The Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. Decision X/2, https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-10/cop-10-dec-02-en.pdf (6.06.2016).
Google Scholar
CHAPE S., HARRISON J., SPALDING M., LYSENKO I., 2005, Measuring the extent and effectiveness of protected areas as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets, in: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci., vol. 360, p. 443-455.
Google Scholar
DIETZ S., ADGER W.N., 2003, Economic growth, biodiversity loss and conservation effort. Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 68, no. 1, p. 23-35.
Google Scholar
DUDLEY N., 2008, Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management Categories, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
Google Scholar
DYTRTOVÁ K., ŠARAPATKA B., OPRŠAL Z., 2016, Does Organic Farming Influence Landscape Composition? Two Cases from the Czech Republic, in: Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, vol. 40, no. 7, p. 714-735.
Google Scholar
FAO, 2016, GeoNetwork. Land use system of the world. 2010, http://www.fao.org/geonetwork/srv/en/metadata.show?id=37139# (21.05.2016).
Google Scholar
FREEDOM HOUSE, 2016, Individual country ratings and status, Freedom in the World 1973–2015, https://freedomhouse.org/report-types/freedom-world (4.3.2016).
Google Scholar
GIDDINGS B., HOPWOOD B., O’BRIAN G., 2002, Environment, economy and society: fitting them together into sustainable development, in: Sustainable Development, vol. 10, no. 4, p. 187-196.
Google Scholar
HAJER M., et al., 2015, Beyond Cockpit-ism: Four Insights to Enhance the Transformative Potential of the Sustainable Development Goals, in: Sustainability, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 1651-1660.
Google Scholar
HERITAGE FOUNDATION, 2016, Index of Economic Freedom: Explore the data, http://www.heritage.org/index/explore?view=by-region-country-year (6.3.2016).
Google Scholar
HOEKSTRA J.M., BOUCHER T.M., RICKETTS T.H., ROBERTS C., 2005, Confronting a biome crisis: global disparities of habitat loss and protection, in: Ecology Letters, vol. 8, no. 23-29.
Google Scholar
IUCN, 2010, Biodiversity indicators and the 2010 Target: Experiences and lessons learnt from the 2010 Biodiversity Indicators Partnership. Technical Series No. 53. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montréal, Canada.
Google Scholar
IUCN, 2015, Protected areas are vital for human health and well-being, https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/import/downloads/natural_solutions_pas_health_and_well_being.pdf (23.10.2016).
Google Scholar
IUCN, 2017, Vision and mission, https://www.iucn.org/regions/asia/about/vision-and-mission (13.01. 2017).
Google Scholar
JENKINS C. N., VAN HOUTAN K. S., PIMM S. L., SEXTON J.O., 2015, US protected lands mismatch biodiversity priorities, in: PNAS, vol. 112, no. 16, p. 5081-5086.
Google Scholar
JENKINS J., JOPPA L.A., 2009, Expansion of the global terrestrial protected area system, in: Biological Conservation, vol. 142, p. 2166-2174.
Google Scholar
JOPPA L.N., PFAFF A., 2009, High and Far: Biases in the Location of Protected Areas, in: PLoS ONE, vol. 4, no. 12, e8273.
Google Scholar
LEBEDA P., 2015, MDGs, SDGs and the change of paradigm, in: Development, Environment and Foresight, vol. 2, no. 73-76.
Google Scholar
LEVERINGTON F., et al., 2010, A Global Analysis of Protected Area Management Effectiveness, in: Environ. Manage., vol. 46, p. 685-698.
Google Scholar
MACE G.M., BAILLIE J.E.M., 2007, The 2010 biodiversity indicators: Challenges for science and policy, in: Conservation Biology, vol. 21, p. 1406-1413.
Google Scholar
MAIORANO L., FALCUCCI A., BOITANI L., 2006, Gap analysis of terrestrial vertebrates in Italy: Priorities for conservation planning in a human dominated landscape, in: Biological Conservation, vol. 133, 455-473.
Google Scholar
NAUGHTON-TREVES L., HOLLAND M.B., BRANDON K., 2005, The role of protected areas in conserving biodiversity and sustaining local livelihoods, in: Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour., vol. 30, p. 219-252.
Google Scholar
OECD, 2008, OECD Key Environmental Indicators, OECD Environment Directorate, Paris.
Google Scholar
OPRŠAL Z., KLADIVO P., MACHAR I., 2016, The role of selected biophysical factors in longterm land-use change of cultural landscape, in: Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, vol. 14, no. 2, p. 23-40.
Google Scholar
PEREIRA H.M., et al., 2013, Essential Biodiversity Variables, in: Science, vol. 339, p. 277-278.
Google Scholar
REES W.E., 2003, Economic development and environmental protection: an ecological economics perspective, in. Environ. Monit. Assess., vol. 86, no. 1-2, p. 29-45.
Google Scholar
ROCKSTRÖM J., et al., 2009, A safe operating space for humanity, in: Nature, vol. 461, p. 472-475.
Google Scholar
SAOUT S.L., et al., 2004, Protected Areas and Effective Biodiversity Conservation, in: Science, vol. 342, p. 803-805.
Google Scholar
SCOTT J., et al., 2001, Nature reserves: Do they capture the full range of America's biological diversity?, in: Ecological Applications, vol. 11, p. 999-1007.
Google Scholar
SMITH R.J., et al., 2003, Governance and the loss of biodiversity, in: Nature, vol. 426, p. 67-70.
Google Scholar
SYROVÁTKA M., HÁK T., 2015, Measuring rich-country policies toward the global environment: A critical analysis of the environmental component of the Commitment to Development Index, in: Journal of Environment & Development, vol. 24, no. 1, p. 105-128.
Google Scholar
UNDP, 2016, Human Development Reports – Data. http://hdr.undp.org/en/data (2.4.2016)
Google Scholar
UNITED NATIONS, 2015a, The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015, United Nations.
Google Scholar
UNITED NATIONS, 1992, Convention on Biological Diversity, A/RES/65/161. United Nations.
Google Scholar
UNITED NATIONS, 2015b, Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. A/RES/70/1United Nations.
Google Scholar
WALPOLE M., et al., 2009, Tracking progress toward the 2010 biodiversity target and beyond, in: Science, 325, p. 1503-1504.
Google Scholar
WORLD BANK, 2016a, World Development Indicators. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator (2.03.2016).
Google Scholar
WORLD BANK, 2016b, Worldwide Governance Indicators. http://info.worldbank.org/governancewgi/index.aspx#home (5.03.2016).
Google Scholar
YALE UNIVERSITY, 2016, Environmental Protection Index. Biodiversity and Habitat: Terrestrial Protected Areas, http://epi.yale.edu/our-methods/biodiversity-and-habitat#tab-1 (11.02.2016).
Google Scholar
Authors
Zdeněk Opršalzdenek.oprsal@upol.cz
Department of Development and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic Czechia
Authors
Jaromír HarmáčekDepartment of Development and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic Czechia
Authors
Petr PavlíkDepartment of Development and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic Czechia
Authors
Ivo MacharDepartment of Development and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic Czechia
Statistics
Abstract views: 33PDF downloads: 13
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.