The Role of Corruption in the Implementation of Environmental Regulations
Asli Özpolat
asliozpolat@gmail.comGaziantep University, Department of Management and Organization (Turkey)
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1769-3654
Ferda Nakipoglu Ozsoy
Gaziantep University, Department of Management and Organization, Türkiye (Turkey)
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5593-413X
Abstract
The necessity for politicians to take action to prevent environmental pollution and combat environmental pollution and corruption is made clear by the rise in environmental pollution and corruption that results from growing economic activity and development in emerging countries. The correlation between economic growth, corruption, and environmental harm has been studied for groupings of high-income emerging countries for this reason. The inverted U-shaped correlation between economic growth and environmental pollution is valid for MIST but not for BRCS because of empirical studies taking cross-section dependency into account and assessing the long-term relationship. Additionally, corruption has been demonstrated to worsen environmental contamination.
Keywords:
economic growth, corruption, environmental pollution, environmental regulationsReferences
ADEBAYO T.S., T. S., RJOUB H., AKINSOLA G. D., OLADIPUPO S. D., 2022, The asymmetric effects of renewa-ble energy consumption and trade openness on carbon emissions in Sweden: new evidence from quantile-on-quantile re-gression approach, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(2): 1875-1886.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15706-4
Google Scholar
AHMED K., 2014, Environmental Kuznets Curve for CO2 emission in Mongolia: an empirical analysis, Management Environonment Quality: International Journal, 25(4): 505-516.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-03-2013-0017
Google Scholar
ALAM M. M, MURAD M.W., NOMAN A.H.M., OZTURK I., 2016, Relationships among carbon emissions, economic growth, energy consumption and population growth: testing Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis for Brazil, China, India and Indonesia, Ecological Indicators, 70: 466-479.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.06.043
Google Scholar
ALI A., RADULESCU M., BALSALOBRE-LORENTE D., 2023, A dynamic relationship between renewable energy consumption, nonrenewable energy consumption, economic growth, and carbon dioxide emissions: Evidence from Asian emerging economies, Energy & Environment.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305X231151684
Google Scholar
AL-MULALI U., OZTURK I., LEANH. H., 2015, The influence of economic growth, urbanization, trade openness, financial development, and renewable energy on pollution in Europe, Natural Hazards, 79(1): 621-644.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-1865-9
Google Scholar
AL-MULALI U, SABOORI B, OZTURK I., 2015, Investigating the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in Vi-etnam, Energy Policy, 76: 123-131.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.11.019
Google Scholar
AL-MULALI U., OZTURK I., 2016, The investigation of environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in the advanced econ-omies: the role of energy prices, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54: 1622-1631.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.131
Google Scholar
APERGIS N., PAYNE J. E., MENYAH K., WOLDE-RUFAEL Y., 2010, On the causal dynamics between emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy, and economic growth, Ecological Economics, 69(11): 2255-2260.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.014
Google Scholar
ARMINEN H, MENEGAKI A.N., 2019, Corruption, climate and the energy-environment-growth nexus, Energy Eco-nomics 80: 621-634.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2019.02.009
Google Scholar
BALOCH M. A., MAHMOOD N., ZHANG J. W., 2019, Effect of natural resources, renewable energy and economic development on CO2 emissions in BRICS countries, Science of The Total Environment, 678: 632-638.
Google Scholar
BALSALOBRE-LORENTE D., DRIHA O. M., BEKUN F. V., OSUNDINA O. A., 2019, Do agricultural activities induce carbon emissions? The BRICS experience, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(24): 25218-25234.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05737-3
Google Scholar
BALSALOBRE-LORENTE D., GOKMENOGLU K. K., TASPINAR N., CANTOS-CANTOS J. M., 2019, An ap-proach to the pollution haven and pollution halo hypotheses in MINT countries, Environmental Science and Pollution Re-search, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05446-x.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05446-x
Google Scholar
BENTO JPC, MOUTINHO V., 2016, CO2 emissions, non-renewable and renewable electricity production, economic growth, and international trade in Italy, Renew Sustain Energy Review, 55: 142-155.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.151
Google Scholar
BOND S., EBERHARDT M., 2013, Accounting for Unobserved Heterogeneity in Panel Time Series Models, Nuffield College, University of Oxford, Mimeo.
Google Scholar
CHANG H.Y.; WANG W. YU, J., 2021, Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve in China: A spatial dynamic panel data approach, Energy Econ., 104: (105600).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105600
Google Scholar
CHEN H., HAO Y., LI J., SONG X., 2018, The impact of environmental regulation, shadow economy, and corruption on environmental quality: Theory and empirical evidence from China, Journal of Cleaner Production, 195: 200-214.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.206
Google Scholar
CIALANI C., 2007, Economic growth and environmental guality: an econometric and a decomposition analysis, Manage-ment of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 18(5): 568-577.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/14777830710778328
Google Scholar
CLIMATE ACTION TRACKER, 2019, https://climateactiontracker.org/ (25.11.2019)
Google Scholar
COLE, M. A., ELLIOTT, R. J. R., AZHAR, A. K., 2000, The determinants of trade in pollution intensive industries: North–South evidence, University of Birmingham, UK, Mimeo.
Google Scholar
COLE M.A., 2004, Trade, the pollution haven hypothesis and the environmental Kuznets curve: examining the linkages, Ecol. Econ., 48 (1): 71-81.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2003.09.007
Google Scholar
COLE M.A., ELLIOTT R.J., FREDRIKSSON P.G., 2006, Endogenous pollution havens: does FDI influence environ-mental regulations?, Scand. J. Econ., 108 (1): 157-178.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9442.2006.00439.x
Google Scholar
COLE M. A., 2007, Corruption, income and the environment: an empirical analysis, Ecological Economics, 62(3-4): 637-647.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.08.003
Google Scholar
DAMANIA R., FREDRIKSSON P. G. LIST J. A., 2003, Trade Liberalization, Corruption, and Environmental Policy Formation: Theory and Evidence, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 46: 490-512.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-0696(03)00025-1
Google Scholar
DANISH BALOCH M. A., MAHMOOD N. ZHANG J.W., 2019, Effect of natural resources, renewable energy and economic development on CO2 emissions in BRICS countries, Science of the Total Environment 678: 632-638.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.028
Google Scholar
DANISH WANG, Z., 2019, Does biomass energy consumption help to control environmental pollution? Evidence from BRICS countries, Science of the Total Environment 670: 1075-1083.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.268
Google Scholar
DESTEK M. A., OZSOY F. N., 2015, Relationships between economic growth, energy consumption, globalization, ur-banization, and environmental degradation in Turkey, International Journal of Energy and Statistics, 3(04): 1550017.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S2335680415500179
Google Scholar
DOGAN E., SEKER F., 2016, The influence of real output, renewable and non-renewable energy, trade, and financial development on carbon emissions in the top renewable energy countries, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60: 1074-1085.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.02.006
Google Scholar
DRURY A.C., KRIECKHAUS J., LUSZTIG M., 2006, Corruption, democracy, and economic growth, Int. Polit. Sci. Rev., 27 (2): 121-136.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512106061423
Google Scholar
EBERHARDT M., BOND S., 2009, Cross-Section Dependence in Nonstationary Panel Models: a Novel Estimator, MPRA Paper 17692.
Google Scholar
EHRLICH I., LUI F.T., 1999, Bureaucratic corruption and endogenous economic growth, J. Polit. Econ., 107 (6): S270-S293.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/250111
Google Scholar
FREDRIKSSON P. G., SVENSSON J., 2003, Political instability, corruption and policy formation: the case of environ-mental policy, Journal of Public Economics, 87(7-8): 1383-1405.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(02)00036-1
Google Scholar
FREDRIKSSON P. G., VOLLEBERGH H. R., DIJKGRAAF E., 2004, Corruption and energy efficiency in OECD countries: theory and evidence, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 47(2): 207-231.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2003.08.001
Google Scholar
GANDA F. 2020, The influence of corruption on environmental sustainability in the developing economies of Southern Africa, Heliyon 6 (7): 043877–e4416.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04387
Google Scholar
GESSESSE A.T., HE G., 2020, Analysis of carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption, and economic growth in China, Agric. Econ., 66: 183-192.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17221/258/2019-AGRICECON
Google Scholar
GLADUN E., AHSAN D., 2016, BRICS countries’ political and legal participation in the global climate change agenda, BRICS Law Journal, 3(3).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2016-3-3-8-42
Google Scholar
GRAHAM S. N. 2018, Transformation in global governance: the BRICS and alternative emerging alliances at the cross-road of sustainability, Master in International Relations, University of Pretoria Faculty of Humanities.
Google Scholar
GREENPEACE EAST ASIA., 2012, Water Pollution in China, http://www.greenpeace.org/eastasia/campaigns/toxics/problems/water-pollution/ (25.11.2019).
Google Scholar
GRETHER J. M., MATHYS N. A., DE MELO J., 2007, Is trade bad for the environment? Decomposing world-wide SO2 emissions 1990-2000, Discussion Paper, https://pseweb.eu/ydepot/semin/texte0607/MEL2007TRA.pdf.
Google Scholar
GROSSMAN G.M., KRUEGER A.B., 1991, Environmental impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement (No. W3914), National Bureau of Economic Research.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3386/w3914
Google Scholar
HABIB S., ABDELMONEN S., KHALED M., 2020, The effect of corruption on the environmental quality in African countries: a panel quantile regression analysis, Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 11(2): 788-804.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-018-0571-8
Google Scholar
HAILEMARIAM A., DZHUMASHEV R., SHAHBAZ M., 2019, Carbon emissions, income inequality and economic development, Empirical Economics, https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s00181-019-01664-x.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-019-01664-x
Google Scholar
HAO Y., XU L., GUO Y., WU H., 2022, The inducing factors of environmental emergencies: Do environmental decen-tralization and regional corruption matter?, Journal of Environmental Management, 302: 114098.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114098
Google Scholar
HASANOV F. J., MIKAYILOV J. I., MUKHTAROV S., SULEYMANOV E., 2019, Does CO2 emissions–economic growth relationship reveal EKC in developing countries? Evidence from Kazakhstan, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26: 30229-30241, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06166-y.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06166-y
Google Scholar
HE J., RICHARD P., 2010, Environmental Kuznets Curve for CO2 in Canada, Ecological Economics, 69(5): 1083-1093.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.11.030
Google Scholar
IEA, INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY, 2021,Greenhouse gas emissions from energy data explorer, https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-energy-data-explorer (11.12.2022).
Google Scholar
INGLESI-LOTZ R., DOGAN E., 2018, The role of renewable versus non-renewable energy to the level of CO2 emissions a panel analysis of sub-Saharan Africa’s Βig 10 electricity generators, Renewable Energy, 123: 36-43.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.02.041
Google Scholar
INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SECURITY ASSOCIATION, ISSA, 2019, Brics: introduction, https://www.issa.int/en/topics/brics/introduction ( 25.11 2019)
Google Scholar
ISLAM N., VINCENT J., PANAYOTOU T., 1996, Unveiling the Income-Environment Relationship: An Exploration into the Determinants of Environmental Quality, Harvard-Institute for International Development, 701.
Google Scholar
IWATA H, OKADA K, SAMRETH S., 2010, Empirical study on the Environmental Kuznets Curve for CO2 in France: the role of nuclear energy, Energy Policy, 38(8): 4057-4063.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.03.031
Google Scholar
JALIL A, MAHMUD S.F., 2009, Environment Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions: a cointegration analysis for China, Energy Policy 37: 5167-5172.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.07.044
Google Scholar
JEBLI M. B., FARHANI S., GUESMI K., 2020, Renewable energy, CO2 emissions and value added: Empirical evidence from countries with different income levels, Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 53: 402-410.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2019.12.009
Google Scholar
JEBLI M.B., YOUSSEF S.B., OZTURK I., 2013, The Environmental Kuznets Curve: the role of renewable and non-Renewable energy consumption and trade openness, MPRA Paper 51672, University Library of Munich, Germany.
Google Scholar
JEBLI M. B., YOUSSEF S. B., 2015, The environmental Kuznets curve, economic growth, renewable and non-renewable energy, and trade in Tunisia, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 47: 173-185.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.049
Google Scholar
JEBLI M. B., YOUSSEF S. B., OZTURK I., 2016, Testing Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis: The role of renew-able and non-renewable energy consumption and trade in OECD countries, Ecological Indicators, 60: 824-831.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.08.031
Google Scholar
JEBLI M. B., YOUSSEF S. B., APERGIS N., 2019, The dynamic linkage between renewable energy, tourism, CO2 emissions, economic growth, foreign direct investment, and trade, Latin American Economic Review, 28(1): 2.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40503-019-0063-7
Google Scholar
JENKINS M., 2021, Tracking Corruption Across The Sustainable Development Goals, https://www.transparency.org/en/blog/tracking-corruption-across-the-sustainable-development-goals (31.10.2023).
Google Scholar
KAHIA M., JEBLI M. B., BELLOUMI M., 2019, Analysis of the impact of renewable energy consumption and econom-ic growth on carbon dioxide emissions in 12 MENA countries, Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 21(4): 871-885.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-019-01676-2
Google Scholar
KAO C., 1999, Spurious regression and residual-based tests for cointegration in panel data, J. Econom, 90: 1-44.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(98)00023-2
Google Scholar
LEITÃO A., 2010, Corruption and the Environmental Kuznets Curve: empirical evidence for sulfur, Ecol. Econ., 69 (11): 2191-2201.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.004
Google Scholar
LEITÃO N. C., LORENTE D. B., 2020, The linkage between economic growth, renewable energy, tourism, CO2 emis-sions, and international trade: The evidence for the European Union, Energies, 13(18): 4838.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184838
Google Scholar
LEITÃO N. C., DOS SANTOS PARENTE C. C., BALSALOBRE-LORENTE D., CANTOS CANTOS J. M., 2023, Revisiting the effects of energy, population, foreign direct investment, and economic growth in Visegrad countries under the EKC schem,. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(6): 15102-15114.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23188-1
Google Scholar
LIPPE M. 1999, Corruption and environment at the local level, Transparency International Working Paper.
Google Scholar
LOPEZ R., MITRA S., 2000, Corruption, pollution, and the Kuznets environment curve, Journal of Environmental Eco-nomics and Management, 40(2): 137-150.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jeem.1999.1107
Google Scholar
MAHMOOD H., MAALEL N., ZARRAD O., 2019, Trade openness and CO2 emissions: evidence from Tunisia, Sus-tainability, 11(12): 3295.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123295
Google Scholar
MAHMOOD H., 2023, Trade, FDI, and CO2 emissions nexus in Latin America: the spatial analysis in testing the pollu-tion haven and the EKC hypotheses, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(6): 14439-14454.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23154-x
Google Scholar
MASSAGONY A., BUDIONO 2022, Is the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis valid on CO2 emissions in Indonesia?, International Journal of Environmental Studies, https://doi.org/ 10.1080/00207233.2022.2029097.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2022.2029097
Google Scholar
MASTSANGO E., 2015, Is MINT the next BRIC?. https://www.theneweconomy.com/business/is-mint-the-next-bric, (25.11 2019).
Google Scholar
MEHRARA M., ALI REZAEI A., 2013, A panel estimation of the relationship between trade liberalization, economic growth and CO2 emissions in BRICS countries, Hyperion Economic Journal, 1(4): 3-27.
Google Scholar
MENTAH K., WOLDE-RUFAEL Y., 2010, CO2 emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy and economic growth in the US, Energy Policy, 38: 2911-2915.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.01.024
Google Scholar
MESAGAN E.P., ISOLA, W. A., AJIDE K.B., 2019, The capital investment channel of environmental improvement: Evidence from BRICS, Environ. Dev. Sustain., 21: 1561-1582.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-018-0110-6
Google Scholar
MURSHED M., DAO N. T. T., 2022, Revisiting the CO2 emission-induced EKC hypothesis in South Asia: the role of Export Quality Improvement, GeoJournal, 87(2): 535-563.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-020-10270-9
Google Scholar
MUSLIHUDIN M., HENDARTO E., ROSTIKAWATI R., WINDIASIH R., WULAN T. R, 2018, Relationship be-tween environmental damage and corruption cases in Indonesia, E3S Web of Conferences, 73: 02011.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187302011
Google Scholar
NASIR M. A., CANH N. P., LE T. N. L., 2021, Environmental degradation & role of financialisation, economic devel-opment, industrialisation and trade liberalization, Journal of Environmental Management, 277: 111471.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111471
Google Scholar
OZOKCU S., OZDEMIR O., 2017, Economic growth, energy, and Environmental Kuznets Curve, Renewable Sustainable Energy Review, 72: 639-647.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.059
Google Scholar
OZTURK I., AL-MULALI U., 2015, Investigating the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in Cam-bodia, Ecological Indicators, 57: 324-330.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.05.018
Google Scholar
PATA U. K., 2019, Environmental Kuznets curve and trade openness in Turkey: bootstrap ARDL approach with a struc-tural break, Environ Sci Pollut Res., 26(20): 20264-20276.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05266-z
Google Scholar
PATA U. K., KARTAL M. T. 2023, Impact of nuclear and renewable energy sources on environment quality: Testing the EKC and LCC hypotheses for South Korea, Nuclear Engineering and Technology, 55(2):587-594.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2022.10.027
Google Scholar
PATA U. K., DAM M. M., KAYA F., 2023, How effective are renewable energy, tourism, trade openness, and foreign direct investment on CO2 emissions? An EKC analysis for ASEAN countries, Environmental Science and Pollution Re-search, 30(6): 14821-14837.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23160-z
Google Scholar
PEDRONI P., 1999, Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors, Oxf. Bull. Econ. Stat., 61: 653-670.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.61.s1.14
Google Scholar
PEDRONI P., 2000, Fully modified OLS for heterogeneous cointegrated panels, Adv Econ., 15: 93-130.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-9053(00)15004-2
Google Scholar
PEDRONI P., 2001, Purchasing power parity tests in cointegrated panels, Rev Econ Stat., 83: 727-731.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/003465301753237803
Google Scholar
PESARAN M.H., 2000, General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics 35 Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge.
Google Scholar
PESARAN M.H., 2007, A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross‐section dependence, J. Appl. Econ., 22 (2): 265-312.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951
Google Scholar
PLOBERGER C., 2011, China’s multidimensional environmental issues a fundamental challenge for China’s future devel-opment- a critical assessment, East Asia, 28: 1-20.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12140-011-9137-0
Google Scholar
PUJIATI A., YANTO H., DWI HANDAYANI B., RIDZUAN A. R., BORHAN H., SHAARI M. S., 2023, The detri-mental effects of dirty energy, foreign investment, and corruption on environmental quality: New evidence from Indonesia, Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10: 2636.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1074172
Google Scholar
RAHMAN Z. U., CAI H., KHATTAK S. I., 2019, Energy production-income-carbon emissions nexus in the perspective of NAFTA and BRIC nations: a Dynamic Panel Data Approach, Economic Rersearch, 32: 3378-3391.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2019.1660201
Google Scholar
SARKODIE S. A. STREZOV V., 2018, Empirical study of the environmental Kuznets curve and environmental sustaina-bility curve hypothesis for Australia, China, Ghana, and USA, J. Clean. Prod., 201: 98-110.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.039
Google Scholar
SARKODIE S. A., OZTURK I., 2020, Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Kenya: a multivariate analysis, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 117: 109481.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109481
Google Scholar
SEKRAFI H., SGHAIER A., 2017, The effect of corruption on carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption in Tunisia, PSU Res. Rev., 2 (1): 81-95.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/PRR-11-2016-0008
Google Scholar
SHAHBAZ M, LEAN H.H., SHABBIR M.S., 2012, Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis in Pakistan: cointegration and Granger causality, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16: 2947-2953.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.02.015
Google Scholar
HAHBAZ M., HYE Q. M. A., TIWARI A. K., LEITÃO, N. C., 2013, Economic growth, energy consumption, financial development, international trade and CO2 emissions in Indonesia, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25: 109-121.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.04.009
Google Scholar
SHAHBAZ M., TIWARI A. K., NASIR M., 2013, The effects of financial development, economic growth, coal con-sumption and trade openness on CO2 emissions in South Africa, Energy Policy, 61 :1452-1459.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.07.006
Google Scholar
SHAHBAZ M., SINHA A., 2019, Environmental Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions: a literature survey, J. Econ. Stud., 46 (1):106-168.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-09-2017-0249
Google Scholar
SHAHBAZ M., SHAFIULLAH M., KHALID U., SONG M. A., 2020, Nonparametric analysis of energy environmental Kuznets Curve in Chinese Provinces, Energy Econ., 89: 104814.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2020.104814
Google Scholar
SHARKER M.A.Y., NASSER M., RAZZAQU, M.A., 2010, Examining environmental Kuznets curve for carbon diox-ide emission in Bangladesh: a bootstrap approach, Proceedings of 3rd Annual Asian Business Research Conference Held at the BIAM Foundation in Dhaka, Bangladesh, World Business Institute, Melbourne.
Google Scholar
SINHA A., GUPTA M., SHAHBAZ M., SENGUPTA T., 2019, Impact of corruption in public sector on environmental quality: Implications for sustainability in BRICS and next 11 countries, Journal of Cleaner Production, 232: 1379-1393.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.066
Google Scholar
STERN D. I., 2000, The Environmental Kuznets Curve: a review, the economics of nature and the nature of the econom-ics, eds. Cleveland C., Stern D.I., UK, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781843761419.00017
Google Scholar
TIWARI A.K., 2011, A structural VAR analysis of renewable energy consumption, real GDP and CO2 emissions: evi-dence from India, Economic Bulletin, 31: 1793-1806.
Google Scholar
TIWARI A.K, SHAHBAZ M, HYE Q. M.A., 2013, The Environmental Kuznets Curve and the role of coal consumption in India: cointegration and causality analysis in an open economy, Renewable Sustainable Energy Review, 18: 519-527.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.10.031
Google Scholar
TSURUMI T., MANAGI S., 2010, Does energy substitution affect carbon dioxide emissions-income relationship?, Jour-nal of The Japanese and International Economies, 24: 540-551.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjie.2010.01.005
Google Scholar
TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL, 2019, https://www.transparency.org/ (15.12.2019).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18243/eon/2019.12.1.4
Google Scholar
UNITED NATIONS (UN), 2015, Paris Climate Agreement, https://Unfccc.Int/Sites/Default/Files/English_Paris_Agreement.Pdf (09.09.2019).
Google Scholar
UNITED NATIONS (UN), 2023, SDG 7 Ensure Access to Affordable, Reliable, Sustainable and Modern Energy for all, https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2021/goal-07/ (31.10.2023).
Google Scholar
USMAN M., KOUSAR R., MAKHDUM M. S. A., YASEEN M. R., NADEEM A. M., 2022, Do financial develop-ment, economic growth, energy consumption, and trade openness contribute to increase carbon emission in Pakistan? An insight based on ARDL bound testing approach, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25(18): 1-30.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-02062-z
Google Scholar
UZAR U. EYUBOGLU K., 2019, The nexus between income inequality and CO2 emissions in Turkey, Journal of Clean-er Production, 227: 149-157.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.169
Google Scholar
WANG S., ZHAO D., CHEN H., 2020, Government corruption, resource misallocation, and ecological efficiency, Energy Econ., 85: 104573.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2019.104573
Google Scholar
WANG Q., ZHANG F., 2021., The effects of trade openness on decoupling carbon emissions from economic growth–evidence from 182 countries, Journal of Cleaner Production, 279: 123838.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123838
Google Scholar
WANG Q., YANG T., LI R., 2023, Does income inequality reshape the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis? A nonlinear panel data analysis, Environmental Research, 216: 14575.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.114575
Google Scholar
WANG Q., ZHANG F., LI, R., 2023, Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in 208 counties: The roles of trade openness, human capital, renewable energy and natural resource rent, Environmental Research, 216: 114637.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.114637
Google Scholar
WANG Y., WANG Z., ZAMEER H., 2021, Structural characteristics and evolution of the “international trade-carbon emissions” network in equipment manufacturing industry: international evidence in the perspective of global value chains, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28: 25886-25905.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12407-w
Google Scholar
WELSCH H., 2004, Corruption, growth, and the environment: a cross-country analysis, Environment and Development Economics, 9(5): 663-693.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X04001500
Google Scholar
WESTERLUND, J., 2007, Testing for error correction in panel data, Oxf. Bull. Econ. Stat., 69: 709-748.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2007.00477.x
Google Scholar
WORLD BANK, 2023, World Bank Databank, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD?end=2 021&intcid=ecr_hp_BeltC_en_ext&locations=BR-RU-IN-CN-ZA-MX-ID-KR-TR&start=2021 (03.05.2023).
Google Scholar
ZAFAR M. W., MIRZA F. M., ZAIDI S. A. H., HOU F., 2019, The nexus of renewable and nonrenewable energy con-sumption, trade openness, and CO2 emissions in the framework of EKC: evidence from emerging economies, Environmen-tal Science and Pollution Research, 26(15): 15162-15173.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04912-w
Google Scholar
ZHANG, Z., ZHU, K., HEWINGS, G. J., 2017, A multi-regional input–output analysis of the pollution haven hypothesis from the perspective of global production fragmentation, Energy Economics, 64: 13-23.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2017.03.007
Google Scholar
ZHANG Y. J., WANG W., 2019, Do renewable energy consumption and service industry development contribute to CO2 emissions reduction in BRICS countries?, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(3): 1-12.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06330-4
Google Scholar
ZHAO J., SHEN J., YAN J., YANG X., HAO Y., RAN Q., 2023, Corruption, market segmentation and haze pollution: empirical evidence from China, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 66(3): 642-664.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2021.2001316
Google Scholar
ZHOU M., 2013, A multidimensional analysis of public environmental concern in Canada, Canadian Review of Sociology, 50(4): 453-481.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cars.12028
Google Scholar
Authors
Asli Özpolatasliozpolat@gmail.com
Gaziantep University, Department of Management and Organization Turkey
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1769-3654
Authors
Ferda Nakipoglu OzsoyGaziantep University, Department of Management and Organization, Türkiye Turkey
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5593-413X
Statistics
Abstract views: 122PDF downloads: 352