Digital Inequality and Sustainable Development
Pawel Rydzewski
p.rydzewski@me.comMaria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin (Poland)
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8144-6340
Abstract
Digital inequality represents a critical challenge in the pursuit of sustainable development, as disparities in access to and proficiency with digital technologies hinder equitable growth, social inclusion, and environmental sustainability. This article examines the multifaceted relationship between digital inequality and sustainable development, highlighting how unequal access to information and communication technologies (ICTs) impacts economic opportunities, educational outcomes, healthcare access, and environmental protection. It underscores that digital disparities often mirror and exacerbate existing socio-economic inequalities, particularly affecting marginalized groups based on income, education, age, and geography. The analysis demonstrates that addressing digital inequalities is essential for unlocking the full potential of digital technologies to contribute to sustainable development goals.
Keywords:
digital inequality, sustainable development, digital inclusion, environmental sustainabilityReferences
1. AKER J.C., MBITI I.M., 2010, Mobile Phones and Economic Development in Africa, Journal of Economic Perspectives 24(3): 207-232, https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.24.3.207.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.24.3.207
Google Scholar
2. ALLEN T.D., GOLDEN T.D., SHOCKLEY K.M., 2015, How effective is telecommuting? Assessing the status of our scientific findings, Psychological Science in the Public Interest 16(2): 40-68, https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100615593273.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100615593273
Google Scholar
3. ALLWINKLE S., CRUICKSHANK P., 2011, Creating smart-er cities: An overview, Journal of Urban Technology 18(2): 1-16, https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2011.601117.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2011.601103
Google Scholar
4. BATES D.W., SARIA S., OHNO-MACHADO L., SHAH A., ESCOBAR G., 2018, Big data in health care: using analytics to identify and manage high-risk and high-cost patients, Health Affairs 33(7): 1123-1131, https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2014.0041.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2014.0041
Google Scholar
5. BONNEY R., BALLARD H., JORDAN R., MCCALLIE E., PHILLIPS T., SHIRK J., WILDERMAN C.C., 2014, Public participation in scientific research: Defining the field and assessing its potential for informal science education. A CAISE Inquiry Group Report, Center for Advancement of Informal Science Education (CAISE), Washington D.C.
Google Scholar
6. BRYNJOLFSSON E., MCAFEE A., 2014, The Second Machine Age: Work Progress and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies, W. W. Norton & Company, New York, USA.
Google Scholar
7. BÜCHI M., JUST N., LATZER M., 2016, Modeling the second-level digital divide: A five-country study of social differences in Internet use, New Media & Society 18(11): 2087-2106, https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816651976.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815604154
Google Scholar
8. CEDEFOP, 2018, Skill Mismatch: Measurement Issues and Consequences for Policymaking, Publications Office of the European Union.
Google Scholar
9. COLLINS A., HALVERSON R., 2018, Rethinking Education in the Age of Technology: The Digital Revolution and Schooling in America, Teachers College Press, New York, USA.
Google Scholar
10. CONRAD C.C., HILCHEY K.G., 2011, A review of citizen science and community-based environmental monitoring: Issues and opportunities, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 176(1-4): 273-291, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1582-5.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1582-5
Google Scholar
11. CORREA T., 2016, Digital skills and social media use: How Internet skills are related to different types of Facebook use among ‘digital natives’, Information Communication & Society 19(8): 1095-1107, https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1173707.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1084023
Google Scholar
12. CZERNIH N., FALCK O., KRETSCHMER T., WOESSMANN L., 2011, Broadband Infrastructure and Economic Growth, The Economic Journal 121(552): 505-532, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2011.02420.x.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2011.02420.x
Google Scholar
13. DEMIRGUC-KUNT A., KLAPPER L., SINGER D., ANSAR S., HESS J., 2018, The Global Findex Database 2017: Measuring Financial Inclusion and the Fintech Revolution, World Bank.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1259-0
Google Scholar
14. DIMAGGIO P., HARGITTAI E., 2001, From the ‘Digital Divide’ to ‘Digital Inequality’: Studying Internet Use as Penetration Increases, Princeton University Center for Arts and Cultural Policy Studies.
Google Scholar
15. DIMAGGIO P., HARGITTAI E., CELESTE C., SHAFER S., 2004, Digital inequality: From unequal access to differentiated use, Social Inequality, ed. Neckerman E., Russell Sage Foundation, New York, USA: 355-400.
Google Scholar
16. DORN E., HANCOCK B., SARAKATSANNIS J., VIRULEG E., 2020, COVID-19 and learning loss – disparities grow and students need help, McKinsey & Company.
Google Scholar
17. ERTMER P.A., OTTENBREIT-LEFTWICH A.T., 2010, Teacher technology change: How knowledge, confidence, beliefs, and culture intersect, Journal of Research on Technology in Education 42(3): 255-284, https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2010.10782551.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2010.10782551
Google Scholar
18. EUBANKS V., 2018, Automating Inequality: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor, St. Martin's Press, New York, USA.
Google Scholar
19. EYNON R., GENIETS A., 2016, The digital skills paradox: How do digitally excluded youth develop skills to use the Internet?, Learning Media and Technology 41(3): 463-479, https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2014.1002845.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2014.1002845
Google Scholar
20. FAGGIO G., OVERMAN H.G., 2014, The effect of public sector employment on local labour markets, Journal of Urban Economics 79: 91-107, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2013.03.003.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2013.05.002
Google Scholar
21. FARUQUI A., HARRIS D., HLEDIK R., 2010, Unlocking the €53 billion savings from smart meters in the EU: How increasing the adoption of dynamic tariffs could make or break the EU’s smart grid investment, Energy Policy 38(10): 6222-6231, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.06.010.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.06.010
Google Scholar
22. FISCHER S.H., DAVID D., CROTTY B.H., DIERKS M., SAFRAN C., 2014, Acceptance and use of health information technology by community-dwelling elders, International Journal of Medical Informatics 83(9): 624-635, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2014.06.005.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2014.06.005
Google Scholar
23. FISHER H., VANDERLIP E.R., LIEBERMAN A., 2020, Using telehealth to improve health care access in rural areas, Health Affairs Blog, https://doi.org/10.1377/hblog20200429.580905.
Google Scholar
24. FORMAN C., GOLDFARB A., GREENSTEIN S., 2012, The Internet and Local Wages: A Puzzle, American Economic Review 102(1): 556-575, https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.1.556.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.1.556
Google Scholar
25. FREE C., PHILLIPS G., WATSON L., GALLI L., FELIX L., EDWARDS P., PATEL V., HAINES A., 2013, The effectiveness of mobile-health technology-based health behaviour change or disease management interventions for health care consumers: a systematic review, PLOS Medicine 10(1): e1001362, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001362.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001362
Google Scholar
26. FRIEMEL T.N., 2016, The digital divide has grown old: Determinants of a digital divide among seniors, New Media & Society 18(2): 313-331, https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814544005.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814538648
Google Scholar
27. GALLARDO-ECHENIQUE E.E., DE OLIVEIRA J.M., MARQUÉS-MOLÍAS L., ESTEVE-MON F., 2015, Digital Competence in the Knowledge Society, MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching 11(1): 1-16.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v16i3.2196
Google Scholar
28. GOMEZ-BARROSO, J. L., MARBÁN-FLORES, R., PEREZ-MARTINEZ, J. (2020). Broadband and local economic development: Evidence from Brazil. Telecommunications Policy, 44(3), 101874.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2019.101905
Google Scholar
29. HÄMÄLÄINEN R., DE WEVER B., NISSINEN K., CINCINNATO S., 2017, What Makes the Difference – PIAAC as a Resource for Understanding the Problem-Solving Skills of Europe's Higher-Education Adults, Computers & Education 113: 120-129, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2017.05.009.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.10.013
Google Scholar
30. HARGITTAI E., 2002, Second-level digital divide: Differences in people's online skills, First Monday 7(4), https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v7i4.942.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v7i4.942
Google Scholar
31. HARGITTAI E., 2008, The Digital Reproduction of Inequality, Social Stratification, ed. Grusky D., Westview Press, Boulder, CO, USA: 936-944.
Google Scholar
32. HARGITTAI E., 2010, Digital Na(t)ives? Variation in Internet Skills and Uses among Members of the ‘Net Generation’. Sociological Inquiry, 80(1), 92-113. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.2009.00317.x
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.2009.00317.x
Google Scholar
33. HARGITTAI E., SHAW A., 2013, Digitally savvy citizenship: The role of internet skills in democratic engagement. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 10(4), 1-22, https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2013.843360.
Google Scholar
34. HELSPER E.J., 2012, A Corresponding Fields Model for the Links Between Social and Digital Exclusion, Communication Theory 22(4): 403-426, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2012.01416.x.
Google Scholar
35. HELSPER E.J., EYNON R., 2010, Digital natives: Where is the evidence?, British Educational Research Journal 36(3): 503-520, https://doi.org/10.1080/01411920902989227.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01411920902989227
Google Scholar
36. HELSPER, E. J., 2012, A corresponding fields model for the links between social and digital exclusion. Communication Theory, 22(4), 403-426. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2012.01416.x.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2012.01416.x
Google Scholar
37. HILBERT M., 2011, Digital Gender Divide or Technologically Empowered Women in Developing Countries? A Typical Case of Lies, Damned Lies, and Statistics, Women's Studies International Forum 34(6): 479-489, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2011.07.001.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2011.07.001
Google Scholar
38. HILL R., BETTS L.R., GARDNER S.E., 2008, Older adults’ experiences and perceptions of digital technology: (Dis)empowerment, wellbeing, and inclusion, Computers in Human Behavior 84: 271-280, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.003.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.003
Google Scholar
39. HOWELL B., GRIMES A., 2010, Productivity questions for public investment in broadband infrastructure: A New Zealand perspective, The Journal of Transport and Land Use 3(1) 115-135, https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.v3i1.137.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.v3i1.137
Google Scholar
40. HUNSAKER A., HARGITTAI E., 2018, A review of Internet use among older adults, New Media & Society 20(10): 3937-3954, https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818787348.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818787348
Google Scholar
41. INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION (ILO), 2020, Global Employment Trends for Youth 2020: Technology and the Future of Jobs, International Labour Office.
Google Scholar
42. JACK W., SURI T., 2011, Mobile money: The economics of M-PESA. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper, No. 16721.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3386/w16721
Google Scholar
43. KATZ R.L., GONZALEZ J., 2016, Bridging the Digital Divide: Broadband as a Catalyst of Economic Growth and Social Progress in Latin America and the Caribbean, The Journal of Development Studies 52(5): 641-660, https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2015.1134778.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2015.1134778
Google Scholar
44. KRAMERS A., HÖJER M., LÖVEHAGEN N., WANGEL J., 2014, Smart sustainable cities–Exploring ICT solutions for reduced energy use in cities, Environmental Modelling & Software 56: 52-62, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2013.12.019.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2013.12.019
Google Scholar
45. KRUPINSKI E.A., WEINSTEIN R.S., 2013, Telemedicine, telehealth and m-health: new frontiers in medical practice, Annual Review of Public Health 35: 467-477, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182947.
Google Scholar
46. LI S., DA XU L., ZHAO S., 2016, The Internet of Things: A Survey, Information Systems Frontiers 17(2): 243-259, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-014-9492-7.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-014-9492-7
Google Scholar
47. LING R., 2012, Taken for Grantedness: The Embedding of Mobile Communication into Society, MIT Press, Cambridge, USA.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/8445.001.0001
Google Scholar
48. LIVINGSTONE S., HELSPER E.J., 2007, Gradations in digital inclusion: Children, young people and the digital divide, New Media & Society 9(4): 671-696, https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444807080335.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444807080335
Google Scholar
49. LUPTON D., 2014, Health promotion in the digital era: a critical commentary, Health Promotion International 30(1): 174-183, https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dau091.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dau091
Google Scholar
50. MEANS B., BAKIA M., MURPHY R., 2014, Learning Online: What Research Tells Us about Whether, When, and How, Routledge, New York, USA.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203095959
Google Scholar
51. MORRIS A., 2007, E-literacy and the grey digital divide: A review with recommendations, Journal of Information Literacy 1(3): 13-28, https://doi.org/10.11645/1.3.14.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.11645/1.3.14
Google Scholar
52. MOSSBERGER K., TOLBERT C.J., STANSBURY M., 2003, Virtual Inequality: Beyond the Digital Divide, Georgetown University Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
Google Scholar
53. MOSSBERGER K., TOLBERT C. J., STANSBURY M., 2013, Virtual Inequality: Beyond the Digital Divide. Georgetown University Press.
Google Scholar
54. NAMBISAN S., WRIGHT M., FELDMAN M., 2017, The Digital Transformation of Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Progress, Challenges, and Key Themes, Research Policy 48(8): 1037-1041, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2017.05.013.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2019.03.018
Google Scholar
55. NORMAN C.D., SKINNER H.A., 2006, eHealth literacy: essential skills for consumer health in a networked world, Journal of Medical Internet Research 8(2): e9, https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8.2.e9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8.2.e9
Google Scholar
56. NORRIS P., 2001, Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Internet Worldwide, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139164887
Google Scholar
57. NOURI S., KHOONG E.C., LYLES C.R., KARLINER L., 2020, Addressing equity in telemedicine for chronic disease management during the COVID-19 pandemic, NEJM Catalyst, https://doi.org/10.1056/CAT.20.0123.
Google Scholar
58. OECD, 2015, Students, Computers and Learning: Making the Connection, OECD Publishing, Paris, France.
Google Scholar
59. OECD, 2019, Measuring the Digital Transformation: A Roadmap for the Future, OECD Publishing, Paris, France.
Google Scholar
60. PASSEY D., SIMIN M., ELWELL M., 2018, Digital agency: Empowering equity in and through education, Education and Information Technologies 23(6): 3203-3220, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-018-9750-4.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-018-9384-x
Google Scholar
61. PETTORELLI N., SAFI K., TURNER W., 2014, Satellite remote sensing, biodiversity research and conservation of the future, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369(1643): 20130190, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0190.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0190
Google Scholar
62. PRIEGER J.E., 2013, The Broadband Digital Divide and the Economic Benefits of Mobile Broadband for Rural Areas, Telecommunications Policy 37(6-7): 483-502, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2012.11.001.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2012.11.003
Google Scholar
63. QIANG C.Z.W., ROSSOTTO C.M., KIMURA K., 2009, Economic Impacts of Broadband, Information and Communications for Development 2009: Extending Reach and Increasing Impact, World Bank.
Google Scholar
64. RAGNEDDA M., MUSCHERT G.W., 2013, The Digital Divide: The Internet and Social Inequality in International Perspective, Routledge, New York, USA.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203069769
Google Scholar
65. RAINIE L., WELLMAN B., 2012, Networked: The New Social Operating System, MIT Press, Cambridge, USA.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/8358.001.0001
Google Scholar
66. REDDICK C.G., ENRIQUEZ R., HARRIS R.J., SHARMA B., 2020, Determinants of broadband access and affordability: An analysis of a community survey on the digital divide, Cities 106: 102904, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102904.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102904
Google Scholar
67. REDECKER C., PUNIE Y., 2017, European framework for the digital competence of educators: DigCompEdu, Publications Office of the European Union.
Google Scholar
68. ROBINSON L., COTTLE M., HARGITTAI E., 2015, Digital Inequalities and Why They Matter. Information, Communication & Society, 18(5), 569-582, https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1012532.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1012532
Google Scholar
69. SCHEERDER A., VAN DEURSEN A., VAN DIJK J., 2017, Determinants of Internet skills, uses, and outcomes, Telecommunications Policy 41(5): 454-465, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2017.01.003.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2017.01.003
Google Scholar
70. SELWYN N., 2004, Reconsidering political and popular understandings of the digital divide, New Media & Society 6(3): 341-362, https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444804042519.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444804042519
Google Scholar
71. SELWYN N., 2016, Education and Technology: Key Issues and Debates, Bloomsbury Publishing, London, UK.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781474235952
Google Scholar
72. SELWYN, N. (2010). Schools and Schooling in the Digital Age: A Critical Analysis. Routledge.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203840795
Google Scholar
73. SURI T., JACK W., 2016. The long-run poverty and gender impacts of mobile money. Science, 354(6317), 1288-1292.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aah5309
Google Scholar
74. THOMAS J., BARRAKET J., EWING S., MACDONALD T., MUNROE H., 2020, Measuring Australia’s digital divide: The Australian digital inclusion index 2020, RMIT University and Swinburne University of Technology, 1-56, https://doi.org/10.25916/5f7e9400b89ea.
Google Scholar
75. TURNER W., SPECTOR S., GARDINER N., FLADELAND M., STERLING E., STEININGER M., 2015, Remote sensing for biodiversity science and conservation, Trends in Ecology & Evolution 30(7): 418-428, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2015.04.007.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2015.04.007
Google Scholar
76. UNGOR V.C., SAHIN D., KOCAK T., ERGUT S., BUCCELLA C., CECATO C., HANCKE G.P., 2012, Smart grid technologies: Communication technologies and standards, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 7(4): 529-539, https://doi.org/10.110.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2011.2166794
Google Scholar
77. VAN DEURSEN A.J.A.M., HELSPER E.J., 2015, The Third-Level Digital Divide: Who Benefits Most from Being Online? The Deepening Divide: Inequality in the Information Society, ed. Van Dijk J., Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, USA.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S2050-206020150000010002
Google Scholar
78. VAN DEURSEN A.J.A.M., VAN DIJK J.A.G.M., PETERS O., 2011, Rethinking Internet skills: The contribution of gender, age, education, internet experience, and hours online to medium- and content-related internet skills, Poetics 39(2): 125-144, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2011.02.001.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2011.02.001
Google Scholar
79. VAN DIJK J., 2005, The Deepening Divide: Inequality in the Information Society, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, USA.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452229812
Google Scholar
80. VAN DIJK J., 2020, The digital divide in Europe, The Digital Divide: The Internet and Social Inequality in International Perspective, eds Ragnedda M., Muschert G.W., Routledge, New York, USA: 57-77.
Google Scholar
81. VAN LAAR E., VAN DEURSEN A.J.A.M., VAN DIJK J.A.G.M., DE HAAN J., 2020, Measuring the levels of 21st-century digital skills among professionals working within the creative industries, First Monday 25(10), https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v25i10.10879.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2020.101434
Google Scholar
82. VERMESAN O., FRIESS P., 2014, Internet of Things: Converging Technologies for Smart Environments and Integrated Ecosystems, River Publishers, Aalborg, Denmark.
Google Scholar
83. WANG S., LIU X., ZHANG L., WANG L., 2017, Air quality forecasting using a deep learning model based on 1D convnets and bidirectional GRU, Scientific Reports 7(1): 1-11, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-06672-2.
Google Scholar
84. WARSCHAUER M., 2004, Technology and Social Inclusion: Rethinking the Digital Divide, MIT Press, Cambridge, USA.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/6699.001.0001
Google Scholar
85. WEI K.K., 2017, Exploring the Digital Divide: Internet Adoption in Singapore, Business Information Technology Management: Alternative and Adaptive Futures, eds Hackney R., Dunn D., Routledge, New York, USA: 88-102.
Google Scholar
86. WELLMAN B., HAYTHORNTHWAITE C., 2002, The internet in everyday life. John Wiley & Sons.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470774298
Google Scholar
87. WORLD BANK, 2020, World Development Report 2020: Trading for Development in the Age of Global Value Chains, World Bank, Washington, D.C., USA.
Google Scholar
88. ZHANG, Y., WU, Y., LIU, H., 2017, Smart Homes and Energy Efficiency: How Digitalization Changes Energy Consumption Patterns. Energy Efficiency, 10(2), 389-401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-016-9474-3
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-016-9474-3
Google Scholar
89. ZHOU K., FU C., YANG S., 2016, Big data driven smart energy management: From big data to big insights, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 56: 215-225, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.11.050.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.11.050
Google Scholar
90. ZILLIEN N., HARGITTAI E., 2009, Digital distinction: Status-specific types of Internet usage, Social Science Quarterly 90(2): 274-291, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2009.00617.x.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2009.00617.x
Google Scholar
Authors
Pawel Rydzewskip.rydzewski@me.com
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin Poland
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8144-6340
Sociologist specializing in social research methodology, statistics and quantitative data analysis. Research related to sustainable development and public opinion in the field of environmental protection and renewable energy sources.
Statistics
Abstract views: 21PDF downloads: 14