The Role of Corruption in the Implementation of Environmental Regulations

Asli Özpolat

asliozpolat@gmail.com
Gaziantep University, Department of Management and Organization (Turkey)
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1769-3654

Ferda Nakipoglu Ozsoy


Gaziantep University, Department of Management and Organization, Türkiye (Turkey)
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5593-413X

Abstract

The necessity for politicians to take action to prevent environmental pollution and combat environmental pollution and corruption is made clear by the rise in environmental pollution and corruption that results from growing economic activity and development in emerging countries. The correlation between economic growth, corruption, and environmental harm has been studied for groupings of high-income emerging countries for this reason. The inverted U-shaped correlation between economic growth and environmental pollution is valid for MIST but not for BRCS because of empirical studies taking cross-section dependency into account and assessing the long-term relationship. Additionally, corruption has been demonstrated to worsen environmental contamination.


Keywords:

economic growth, corruption, environmental pollution, environmental regulations

ADEBAYO T.S., T. S., RJOUB H., AKINSOLA G. D., OLADIPUPO S. D., 2022, The asymmetric effects of renewa-ble energy consumption and trade openness on carbon emissions in Sweden: new evidence from quantile-on-quantile re-gression approach, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(2): 1875-1886.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15706-4   Google Scholar

AHMED K., 2014, Environmental Kuznets Curve for CO2 emission in Mongolia: an empirical analysis, Management Environonment Quality: International Journal, 25(4): 505-516.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-03-2013-0017   Google Scholar

ALAM M. M, MURAD M.W., NOMAN A.H.M., OZTURK I., 2016, Relationships among carbon emissions, economic growth, energy consumption and population growth: testing Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis for Brazil, China, India and Indonesia, Ecological Indicators, 70: 466-479.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.06.043   Google Scholar

ALI A., RADULESCU M., BALSALOBRE-LORENTE D., 2023, A dynamic relationship between renewable energy consumption, nonrenewable energy consumption, economic growth, and carbon dioxide emissions: Evidence from Asian emerging economies, Energy & Environment.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305X231151684   Google Scholar

AL-MULALI U., OZTURK I., LEANH. H., 2015, The influence of economic growth, urbanization, trade openness, financial development, and renewable energy on pollution in Europe, Natural Hazards, 79(1): 621-644.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-1865-9   Google Scholar

AL-MULALI U, SABOORI B, OZTURK I., 2015, Investigating the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in Vi-etnam, Energy Policy, 76: 123-131.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.11.019   Google Scholar

AL-MULALI U., OZTURK I., 2016, The investigation of environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in the advanced econ-omies: the role of energy prices, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54: 1622-1631.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.131   Google Scholar

APERGIS N., PAYNE J. E., MENYAH K., WOLDE-RUFAEL Y., 2010, On the causal dynamics between emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy, and economic growth, Ecological Economics, 69(11): 2255-2260.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.014   Google Scholar

ARMINEN H, MENEGAKI A.N., 2019, Corruption, climate and the energy-environment-growth nexus, Energy Eco-nomics 80: 621-634.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2019.02.009   Google Scholar

BALOCH M. A., MAHMOOD N., ZHANG J. W., 2019, Effect of natural resources, renewable energy and economic development on CO2 emissions in BRICS countries, Science of The Total Environment, 678: 632-638.
  Google Scholar

BALSALOBRE-LORENTE D., DRIHA O. M., BEKUN F. V., OSUNDINA O. A., 2019, Do agricultural activities induce carbon emissions? The BRICS experience, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(24): 25218-25234.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05737-3   Google Scholar

BALSALOBRE-LORENTE D., GOKMENOGLU K. K., TASPINAR N., CANTOS-CANTOS J. M., 2019, An ap-proach to the pollution haven and pollution halo hypotheses in MINT countries, Environmental Science and Pollution Re-search, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05446-x.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05446-x   Google Scholar

BENTO JPC, MOUTINHO V., 2016, CO2 emissions, non-renewable and renewable electricity production, economic growth, and international trade in Italy, Renew Sustain Energy Review, 55: 142-155.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.151   Google Scholar

BOND S., EBERHARDT M., 2013, Accounting for Unobserved Heterogeneity in Panel Time Series Models, Nuffield College, University of Oxford, Mimeo.
  Google Scholar

CHANG H.Y.; WANG W. YU, J., 2021, Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve in China: A spatial dynamic panel data approach, Energy Econ., 104: (105600).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105600   Google Scholar

CHEN H., HAO Y., LI J., SONG X., 2018, The impact of environmental regulation, shadow economy, and corruption on environmental quality: Theory and empirical evidence from China, Journal of Cleaner Production, 195: 200-214.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.206   Google Scholar

CIALANI C., 2007, Economic growth and environmental guality: an econometric and a decomposition analysis, Manage-ment of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 18(5): 568-577.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/14777830710778328   Google Scholar

CLIMATE ACTION TRACKER, 2019, https://climateactiontracker.org/ (25.11.2019)
  Google Scholar

COLE, M. A., ELLIOTT, R. J. R., AZHAR, A. K., 2000, The determinants of trade in pollution intensive industries: North–South evidence, University of Birmingham, UK, Mimeo.
  Google Scholar

COLE M.A., 2004, Trade, the pollution haven hypothesis and the environmental Kuznets curve: examining the linkages, Ecol. Econ., 48 (1): 71-81.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2003.09.007   Google Scholar

COLE M.A., ELLIOTT R.J., FREDRIKSSON P.G., 2006, Endogenous pollution havens: does FDI influence environ-mental regulations?, Scand. J. Econ., 108 (1): 157-178.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9442.2006.00439.x   Google Scholar

COLE M. A., 2007, Corruption, income and the environment: an empirical analysis, Ecological Economics, 62(3-4): 637-647.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.08.003   Google Scholar

DAMANIA R., FREDRIKSSON P. G. LIST J. A., 2003, Trade Liberalization, Corruption, and Environmental Policy Formation: Theory and Evidence, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 46: 490-512.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-0696(03)00025-1   Google Scholar

DANISH BALOCH M. A., MAHMOOD N. ZHANG J.W., 2019, Effect of natural resources, renewable energy and economic development on CO2 emissions in BRICS countries, Science of the Total Environment 678: 632-638.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.028   Google Scholar

DANISH WANG, Z., 2019, Does biomass energy consumption help to control environmental pollution? Evidence from BRICS countries, Science of the Total Environment 670: 1075-1083.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.268   Google Scholar

DESTEK M. A., OZSOY F. N., 2015, Relationships between economic growth, energy consumption, globalization, ur-banization, and environmental degradation in Turkey, International Journal of Energy and Statistics, 3(04): 1550017.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S2335680415500179   Google Scholar

DOGAN E., SEKER F., 2016, The influence of real output, renewable and non-renewable energy, trade, and financial development on carbon emissions in the top renewable energy countries, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60: 1074-1085.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.02.006   Google Scholar

DRURY A.C., KRIECKHAUS J., LUSZTIG M., 2006, Corruption, democracy, and economic growth, Int. Polit. Sci. Rev., 27 (2): 121-136.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512106061423   Google Scholar

EBERHARDT M., BOND S., 2009, Cross-Section Dependence in Nonstationary Panel Models: a Novel Estimator, MPRA Paper 17692.
  Google Scholar

EHRLICH I., LUI F.T., 1999, Bureaucratic corruption and endogenous economic growth, J. Polit. Econ., 107 (6): S270-S293.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/250111   Google Scholar

FREDRIKSSON P. G., SVENSSON J., 2003, Political instability, corruption and policy formation: the case of environ-mental policy, Journal of Public Economics, 87(7-8): 1383-1405.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(02)00036-1   Google Scholar

FREDRIKSSON P. G., VOLLEBERGH H. R., DIJKGRAAF E., 2004, Corruption and energy efficiency in OECD countries: theory and evidence, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 47(2): 207-231.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2003.08.001   Google Scholar

GANDA F. 2020, The influence of corruption on environmental sustainability in the developing economies of Southern Africa, Heliyon 6 (7): 043877–e4416.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04387   Google Scholar

GESSESSE A.T., HE G., 2020, Analysis of carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption, and economic growth in China, Agric. Econ., 66: 183-192.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17221/258/2019-AGRICECON   Google Scholar

GLADUN E., AHSAN D., 2016, BRICS countries’ political and legal participation in the global climate change agenda, BRICS Law Journal, 3(3).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2016-3-3-8-42   Google Scholar

GRAHAM S. N. 2018, Transformation in global governance: the BRICS and alternative emerging alliances at the cross-road of sustainability, Master in International Relations, University of Pretoria Faculty of Humanities.
  Google Scholar

GREENPEACE EAST ASIA., 2012, Water Pollution in China, http://www.greenpeace.org/eastasia/campaigns/toxics/problems/water-pollution/ (25.11.2019).
  Google Scholar

GRETHER J. M., MATHYS N. A., DE MELO J., 2007, Is trade bad for the environment? Decomposing world-wide SO2 emissions 1990-2000, Discussion Paper, https://pseweb.eu/ydepot/semin/texte0607/MEL2007TRA.pdf.
  Google Scholar

GROSSMAN G.M., KRUEGER A.B., 1991, Environmental impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement (No. W3914), National Bureau of Economic Research.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3386/w3914   Google Scholar

HABIB S., ABDELMONEN S., KHALED M., 2020, The effect of corruption on the environmental quality in African countries: a panel quantile regression analysis, Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 11(2): 788-804.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-018-0571-8   Google Scholar

HAILEMARIAM A., DZHUMASHEV R., SHAHBAZ M., 2019, Carbon emissions, income inequality and economic development, Empirical Economics, https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s00181-019-01664-x.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-019-01664-x   Google Scholar

HAO Y., XU L., GUO Y., WU H., 2022, The inducing factors of environmental emergencies: Do environmental decen-tralization and regional corruption matter?, Journal of Environmental Management, 302: 114098.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114098   Google Scholar

HASANOV F. J., MIKAYILOV J. I., MUKHTAROV S., SULEYMANOV E., 2019, Does CO2 emissions–economic growth relationship reveal EKC in developing countries? Evidence from Kazakhstan, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26: 30229-30241, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06166-y.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06166-y   Google Scholar

HE J., RICHARD P., 2010, Environmental Kuznets Curve for CO2 in Canada, Ecological Economics, 69(5): 1083-1093.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.11.030   Google Scholar

IEA, INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY, 2021,Greenhouse gas emissions from energy data explorer, https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-energy-data-explorer (11.12.2022).
  Google Scholar

INGLESI-LOTZ R., DOGAN E., 2018, The role of renewable versus non-renewable energy to the level of CO2 emissions a panel analysis of sub-Saharan Africa’s Βig 10 electricity generators, Renewable Energy, 123: 36-43.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.02.041   Google Scholar

INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SECURITY ASSOCIATION, ISSA, 2019, Brics: introduction, https://www.issa.int/en/topics/brics/introduction ( 25.11 2019)
  Google Scholar

ISLAM N., VINCENT J., PANAYOTOU T., 1996, Unveiling the Income-Environment Relationship: An Exploration into the Determinants of Environmental Quality, Harvard-Institute for International Development, 701.
  Google Scholar

IWATA H, OKADA K, SAMRETH S., 2010, Empirical study on the Environmental Kuznets Curve for CO2 in France: the role of nuclear energy, Energy Policy, 38(8): 4057-4063.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.03.031   Google Scholar

JALIL A, MAHMUD S.F., 2009, Environment Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions: a cointegration analysis for China, Energy Policy 37: 5167-5172.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.07.044   Google Scholar

JEBLI M. B., FARHANI S., GUESMI K., 2020, Renewable energy, CO2 emissions and value added: Empirical evidence from countries with different income levels, Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 53: 402-410.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2019.12.009   Google Scholar

JEBLI M.B., YOUSSEF S.B., OZTURK I., 2013, The Environmental Kuznets Curve: the role of renewable and non-Renewable energy consumption and trade openness, MPRA Paper 51672, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  Google Scholar

JEBLI M. B., YOUSSEF S. B., 2015, The environmental Kuznets curve, economic growth, renewable and non-renewable energy, and trade in Tunisia, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 47: 173-185.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.049   Google Scholar

JEBLI M. B., YOUSSEF S. B., OZTURK I., 2016, Testing Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis: The role of renew-able and non-renewable energy consumption and trade in OECD countries, Ecological Indicators, 60: 824-831.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.08.031   Google Scholar

JEBLI M. B., YOUSSEF S. B., APERGIS N., 2019, The dynamic linkage between renewable energy, tourism, CO2 emissions, economic growth, foreign direct investment, and trade, Latin American Economic Review, 28(1): 2.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40503-019-0063-7   Google Scholar

JENKINS M., 2021, Tracking Corruption Across The Sustainable Development Goals, https://www.transparency.org/en/blog/tracking-corruption-across-the-sustainable-development-goals (31.10.2023).
  Google Scholar

KAHIA M., JEBLI M. B., BELLOUMI M., 2019, Analysis of the impact of renewable energy consumption and econom-ic growth on carbon dioxide emissions in 12 MENA countries, Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 21(4): 871-885.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-019-01676-2   Google Scholar

KAO C., 1999, Spurious regression and residual-based tests for cointegration in panel data, J. Econom, 90: 1-44.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(98)00023-2   Google Scholar

LEITÃO A., 2010, Corruption and the Environmental Kuznets Curve: empirical evidence for sulfur, Ecol. Econ., 69 (11): 2191-2201.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.004   Google Scholar

LEITÃO N. C., LORENTE D. B., 2020, The linkage between economic growth, renewable energy, tourism, CO2 emis-sions, and international trade: The evidence for the European Union, Energies, 13(18): 4838.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184838   Google Scholar

LEITÃO N. C., DOS SANTOS PARENTE C. C., BALSALOBRE-LORENTE D., CANTOS CANTOS J. M., 2023, Revisiting the effects of energy, population, foreign direct investment, and economic growth in Visegrad countries under the EKC schem,. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(6): 15102-15114.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23188-1   Google Scholar

LIPPE M. 1999, Corruption and environment at the local level, Transparency International Working Paper.
  Google Scholar

LOPEZ R., MITRA S., 2000, Corruption, pollution, and the Kuznets environment curve, Journal of Environmental Eco-nomics and Management, 40(2): 137-150.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jeem.1999.1107   Google Scholar

MAHMOOD H., MAALEL N., ZARRAD O., 2019, Trade openness and CO2 emissions: evidence from Tunisia, Sus-tainability, 11(12): 3295.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123295   Google Scholar

MAHMOOD H., 2023, Trade, FDI, and CO2 emissions nexus in Latin America: the spatial analysis in testing the pollu-tion haven and the EKC hypotheses, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(6): 14439-14454.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23154-x   Google Scholar

MASSAGONY A., BUDIONO 2022, Is the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis valid on CO2 emissions in Indonesia?, International Journal of Environmental Studies, https://doi.org/ 10.1080/00207233.2022.2029097.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2022.2029097   Google Scholar

MASTSANGO E., 2015, Is MINT the next BRIC?. https://www.theneweconomy.com/business/is-mint-the-next-bric, (25.11 2019).
  Google Scholar

MEHRARA M., ALI REZAEI A., 2013, A panel estimation of the relationship between trade liberalization, economic growth and CO2 emissions in BRICS countries, Hyperion Economic Journal, 1(4): 3-27.
  Google Scholar

MENTAH K., WOLDE-RUFAEL Y., 2010, CO2 emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy and economic growth in the US, Energy Policy, 38: 2911-2915.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.01.024   Google Scholar

MESAGAN E.P., ISOLA, W. A., AJIDE K.B., 2019, The capital investment channel of environmental improvement: Evidence from BRICS, Environ. Dev. Sustain., 21: 1561-1582.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-018-0110-6   Google Scholar

MURSHED M., DAO N. T. T., 2022, Revisiting the CO2 emission-induced EKC hypothesis in South Asia: the role of Export Quality Improvement, GeoJournal, 87(2): 535-563.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-020-10270-9   Google Scholar

MUSLIHUDIN M., HENDARTO E., ROSTIKAWATI R., WINDIASIH R., WULAN T. R, 2018, Relationship be-tween environmental damage and corruption cases in Indonesia, E3S Web of Conferences, 73: 02011.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187302011   Google Scholar

NASIR M. A., CANH N. P., LE T. N. L., 2021, Environmental degradation & role of financialisation, economic devel-opment, industrialisation and trade liberalization, Journal of Environmental Management, 277: 111471.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111471   Google Scholar

OZOKCU S., OZDEMIR O., 2017, Economic growth, energy, and Environmental Kuznets Curve, Renewable Sustainable Energy Review, 72: 639-647.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.059   Google Scholar

OZTURK I., AL-MULALI U., 2015, Investigating the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in Cam-bodia, Ecological Indicators, 57: 324-330.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.05.018   Google Scholar

PATA U. K., 2019, Environmental Kuznets curve and trade openness in Turkey: bootstrap ARDL approach with a struc-tural break, Environ Sci Pollut Res., 26(20): 20264-20276.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05266-z   Google Scholar

PATA U. K., KARTAL M. T. 2023, Impact of nuclear and renewable energy sources on environment quality: Testing the EKC and LCC hypotheses for South Korea, Nuclear Engineering and Technology, 55(2):587-594.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2022.10.027   Google Scholar

PATA U. K., DAM M. M., KAYA F., 2023, How effective are renewable energy, tourism, trade openness, and foreign direct investment on CO2 emissions? An EKC analysis for ASEAN countries, Environmental Science and Pollution Re-search, 30(6): 14821-14837.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23160-z   Google Scholar

PEDRONI P., 1999, Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors, Oxf. Bull. Econ. Stat., 61: 653-670.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.61.s1.14   Google Scholar

PEDRONI P., 2000, Fully modified OLS for heterogeneous cointegrated panels, Adv Econ., 15: 93-130.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-9053(00)15004-2   Google Scholar

PEDRONI P., 2001, Purchasing power parity tests in cointegrated panels, Rev Econ Stat., 83: 727-731.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/003465301753237803   Google Scholar

PESARAN M.H., 2000, General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics 35 Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge.
  Google Scholar

PESARAN M.H., 2007, A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross‐section dependence, J. Appl. Econ., 22 (2): 265-312.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951   Google Scholar

PLOBERGER C., 2011, China’s multidimensional environmental issues a fundamental challenge for China’s future devel-opment- a critical assessment, East Asia, 28: 1-20.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12140-011-9137-0   Google Scholar

PUJIATI A., YANTO H., DWI HANDAYANI B., RIDZUAN A. R., BORHAN H., SHAARI M. S., 2023, The detri-mental effects of dirty energy, foreign investment, and corruption on environmental quality: New evidence from Indonesia, Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10: 2636.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1074172   Google Scholar

RAHMAN Z. U., CAI H., KHATTAK S. I., 2019, Energy production-income-carbon emissions nexus in the perspective of NAFTA and BRIC nations: a Dynamic Panel Data Approach, Economic Rersearch, 32: 3378-3391.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2019.1660201   Google Scholar

SARKODIE S. A. STREZOV V., 2018, Empirical study of the environmental Kuznets curve and environmental sustaina-bility curve hypothesis for Australia, China, Ghana, and USA, J. Clean. Prod., 201: 98-110.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.039   Google Scholar

SARKODIE S. A., OZTURK I., 2020, Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Kenya: a multivariate analysis, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 117: 109481.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109481   Google Scholar

SEKRAFI H., SGHAIER A., 2017, The effect of corruption on carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption in Tunisia, PSU Res. Rev., 2 (1): 81-95.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/PRR-11-2016-0008   Google Scholar

SHAHBAZ M, LEAN H.H., SHABBIR M.S., 2012, Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis in Pakistan: cointegration and Granger causality, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16: 2947-2953.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.02.015   Google Scholar

HAHBAZ M., HYE Q. M. A., TIWARI A. K., LEITÃO, N. C., 2013, Economic growth, energy consumption, financial development, international trade and CO2 emissions in Indonesia, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25: 109-121.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.04.009   Google Scholar

SHAHBAZ M., TIWARI A. K., NASIR M., 2013, The effects of financial development, economic growth, coal con-sumption and trade openness on CO2 emissions in South Africa, Energy Policy, 61 :1452-1459.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.07.006   Google Scholar

SHAHBAZ M., SINHA A., 2019, Environmental Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions: a literature survey, J. Econ. Stud., 46 (1):106-168.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-09-2017-0249   Google Scholar

SHAHBAZ M., SHAFIULLAH M., KHALID U., SONG M. A., 2020, Nonparametric analysis of energy environmental Kuznets Curve in Chinese Provinces, Energy Econ., 89: 104814.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2020.104814   Google Scholar

SHARKER M.A.Y., NASSER M., RAZZAQU, M.A., 2010, Examining environmental Kuznets curve for carbon diox-ide emission in Bangladesh: a bootstrap approach, Proceedings of 3rd Annual Asian Business Research Conference Held at the BIAM Foundation in Dhaka, Bangladesh, World Business Institute, Melbourne.
  Google Scholar

SINHA A., GUPTA M., SHAHBAZ M., SENGUPTA T., 2019, Impact of corruption in public sector on environmental quality: Implications for sustainability in BRICS and next 11 countries, Journal of Cleaner Production, 232: 1379-1393.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.066   Google Scholar

STERN D. I., 2000, The Environmental Kuznets Curve: a review, the economics of nature and the nature of the econom-ics, eds. Cleveland C., Stern D.I., UK, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781843761419.00017   Google Scholar

TIWARI A.K., 2011, A structural VAR analysis of renewable energy consumption, real GDP and CO2 emissions: evi-dence from India, Economic Bulletin, 31: 1793-1806.
  Google Scholar

TIWARI A.K, SHAHBAZ M, HYE Q. M.A., 2013, The Environmental Kuznets Curve and the role of coal consumption in India: cointegration and causality analysis in an open economy, Renewable Sustainable Energy Review, 18: 519-527.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.10.031   Google Scholar

TSURUMI T., MANAGI S., 2010, Does energy substitution affect carbon dioxide emissions-income relationship?, Jour-nal of The Japanese and International Economies, 24: 540-551.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjie.2010.01.005   Google Scholar

TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL, 2019, https://www.transparency.org/ (15.12.2019).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18243/eon/2019.12.1.4   Google Scholar

UNITED NATIONS (UN), 2015, Paris Climate Agreement, https://Unfccc.Int/Sites/Default/Files/English_Paris_Agreement.Pdf (09.09.2019).
  Google Scholar

UNITED NATIONS (UN), 2023, SDG 7 Ensure Access to Affordable, Reliable, Sustainable and Modern Energy for all, https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2021/goal-07/ (31.10.2023).
  Google Scholar

USMAN M., KOUSAR R., MAKHDUM M. S. A., YASEEN M. R., NADEEM A. M., 2022, Do financial develop-ment, economic growth, energy consumption, and trade openness contribute to increase carbon emission in Pakistan? An insight based on ARDL bound testing approach, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25(18): 1-30.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-02062-z   Google Scholar

UZAR U. EYUBOGLU K., 2019, The nexus between income inequality and CO2 emissions in Turkey, Journal of Clean-er Production, 227: 149-157.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.169   Google Scholar

WANG S., ZHAO D., CHEN H., 2020, Government corruption, resource misallocation, and ecological efficiency, Energy Econ., 85: 104573.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2019.104573   Google Scholar

WANG Q., ZHANG F., 2021., The effects of trade openness on decoupling carbon emissions from economic growth–evidence from 182 countries, Journal of Cleaner Production, 279: 123838.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123838   Google Scholar

WANG Q., YANG T., LI R., 2023, Does income inequality reshape the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis? A nonlinear panel data analysis, Environmental Research, 216: 14575.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.114575   Google Scholar

WANG Q., ZHANG F., LI, R., 2023, Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in 208 counties: The roles of trade openness, human capital, renewable energy and natural resource rent, Environmental Research, 216: 114637.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.114637   Google Scholar

WANG Y., WANG Z., ZAMEER H., 2021, Structural characteristics and evolution of the “international trade-carbon emissions” network in equipment manufacturing industry: international evidence in the perspective of global value chains, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28: 25886-25905.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12407-w   Google Scholar

WELSCH H., 2004, Corruption, growth, and the environment: a cross-country analysis, Environment and Development Economics, 9(5): 663-693.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X04001500   Google Scholar

WESTERLUND, J., 2007, Testing for error correction in panel data, Oxf. Bull. Econ. Stat., 69: 709-748.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2007.00477.x   Google Scholar

WORLD BANK, 2023, World Bank Databank, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD?end=2 021&intcid=ecr_hp_BeltC_en_ext&locations=BR-RU-IN-CN-ZA-MX-ID-KR-TR&start=2021 (03.05.2023).
  Google Scholar

ZAFAR M. W., MIRZA F. M., ZAIDI S. A. H., HOU F., 2019, The nexus of renewable and nonrenewable energy con-sumption, trade openness, and CO2 emissions in the framework of EKC: evidence from emerging economies, Environmen-tal Science and Pollution Research, 26(15): 15162-15173.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04912-w   Google Scholar

ZHANG, Z., ZHU, K., HEWINGS, G. J., 2017, A multi-regional input–output analysis of the pollution haven hypothesis from the perspective of global production fragmentation, Energy Economics, 64: 13-23.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2017.03.007   Google Scholar

ZHANG Y. J., WANG W., 2019, Do renewable energy consumption and service industry development contribute to CO2 emissions reduction in BRICS countries?, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(3): 1-12.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06330-4   Google Scholar

ZHAO J., SHEN J., YAN J., YANG X., HAO Y., RAN Q., 2023, Corruption, market segmentation and haze pollution: empirical evidence from China, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 66(3): 642-664.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2021.2001316   Google Scholar

ZHOU M., 2013, A multidimensional analysis of public environmental concern in Canada, Canadian Review of Sociology, 50(4): 453-481.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cars.12028   Google Scholar

Download


Published
2024-01-08

Cited by

Özpolat, A., & Ozsoy, F. N. (2024). The Role of Corruption in the Implementation of Environmental Regulations. Problemy Ekorozwoju, 19(1), 53–66. https://doi.org/10.35784/preko.5290

Authors

Asli Özpolat 
asliozpolat@gmail.com
Gaziantep University, Department of Management and Organization Turkey
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1769-3654

Authors

Ferda Nakipoglu Ozsoy 

Gaziantep University, Department of Management and Organization, Türkiye Turkey
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5593-413X

Statistics

Abstract views: 126
PDF downloads: 356


License

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.