Uchodźcy środowiskowi, propozycje prawno-międzynarodowego rozwiązania problemu

Piotr Krajewski


University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, The Faculty of Law and Administration Obitza 1 Street, 10 702 Olsztyn, Poland (Polska)
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7233-899X

Abstrakt

Niektóre zmiany środowiskowe (naturalne lub antropogeniczne, zwykle spowodowane odejściem od zrównoważonego gospodarowania jego zasobami naturalnymi) zmieniają warunki naturalne do tego stopnia, że jednostki i całe społeczności są zmuszone do opuszczenia miejsca stałego zamieszkania i poszukiwania innego, które zapewniłoby im co najmniej minimalny poziom życia. Niektóre z tych podróży mogą być tymczasowe i obejmować niewielkie odległości; inne mogą wiązać się z przekroczeniem granicy własnej ojczyzny, bez nadziei na powrót. Migranci zmagają się nie tylko z niepewną sytuacją finansową, ale także z wieloma trudnościami prawnymi i administracyjnymi, często spotęgowanymi problemami społecznymi, kulturowymi, religijnymi i politycznymi. Mimo że z roku na rok przybywa osób uciekających z niegościnnych środowisk, społeczność międzynarodowa i kraje przyjmujące odmawiają przyznania im statusu gwarantującego należytą ochronę. Nie zwalnia to jednak nikogo z obowiązku poszukiwania sensownego rozwiązania.


Słowa kluczowe:

uchodźcy środowiskowi, zmiany klimatu, kataklizmy naturalne, prawo międzynarodowe, prawo UE

African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention), 2009, https://au.int/en/treaties/african-union-convention-protection-and-assistance-internally-displaced-persons-africa (3.07.2021).
  Google Scholar

Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions of 18 November 2011, COM(2011)743, the Global Approach To Migration And Mobility.
  Google Scholar

Convention determining the State responsible for examining applications for asylum lodged in one of the Member States of the European Communities (Dublin Convention), 1997, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:41997A0819(01)&from=EN.
  Google Scholar

Council Directive 2001/55/EC of 20 July 2001 on minimum standards for giving temporary protection in the event of a mass influx of displaced persons and on measures promoting a balance of efforts between Member States in receiving such persons and bearing the consequences thereof, OJ L 212, 7 August 2001: 12-23.
  Google Scholar

Council Directive 2003/9/EC of 27 January 2003 laying down minimum standards for the reception of asylum seekers, The Official Journal of the EU, L 031, 06 February 2003: 18-25.
  Google Scholar

Council Directive 2004/83/EC of 29 April 2004 on minimum standards for the qualification and status of third-country nationals or stateless persons as refugees or as persons who otherwise need international protection and the content of the protection granted, OJ L 304, 30 September 2004: 12-23.
  Google Scholar

Council Directive 2005/85/EC of 1 December 2005 on minimum standards on procedures in Member States for granting and withdrawing refugee status, The Official Journal of the EU,13 December 2005, L 326/13.
  Google Scholar

Cyprus: Refugee Law of 2000 [Cyprus], No. 6(I) of 2000, https://www.refworld.org/docid/4a71aac22.html (20.07.2021).
  Google Scholar

Decreto Legislativo No. 286 of 25 July 1998, Testo unico delle disposizioni concernenti la disciplina dell’immigrazione e norme sulla condizione dello straniero, https://www.esteri.it/mae/normative/normativa_consolare/visti/d_lgs_25_luglio_1998_n_286.pdf.(19.07.2021).
  Google Scholar

Directive 2011/95/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on standards for the qualification of third-country nationals or stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection, for a uniform status for refugees or for persons eligible for subsidiary protection, and for the content of the protection granted, The Official Journal of the European Union, L 337, 20 December 2011: 9-26.
  Google Scholar

Directive 2013/32/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 on common procedures for granting and withdrawing international protection (recast), Official Journal of the European Union, L 180, 29 June 2013: 60-95.
  Google Scholar

Directive 2013/33/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 laying down standards for the reception of applicants for international protection, The Official Journal of the European Union, L 180, 29 June 2013: 96-116.
  Google Scholar

Immigration and Nationality Act, (8 U.S.C. 1254a), https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title8-section1254a&num=0&edition=prelim (14.07.2021).
  Google Scholar

International Conference on the Great Lakes Region, Protocol on the Protection and Assistance to Internally Displaced Persons, 2006, https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/52384fe44.pdf (13.07.2021).
  Google Scholar

Norge: Aliens Act (301/2004, amendments up to 1152/2010 included), https://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/2004/en20040301.pdf (14.07.2021).
  Google Scholar

Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on minimum standards for the qualification and status of third-country nationals or stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection and the content of the protection granted, Brussels, 21.10.2009, COM(2009) 551 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2009:0551:FIN:EN:PDF (29.06.2021).
  Google Scholar

Protocol on the Protection and Assistance to Internally Displaced Persons, 2006, https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/52384fe44.pdf.
  Google Scholar

Regulation (EU) No 604/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an application for international protection lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national or a stateless person, The Official Journal of the EU, L 180, 29 June 2013: 31.
  Google Scholar

Resolution 1655, 2009, Environmentally induced migration and displacement: a 21st century challenge, http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=17719&lang=en (29.06.2021).
  Google Scholar

Stockholm Programme, Council Document No. 17024/09, adopted by the European Council on 1-2 December 2009: http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/policies/intro/policies_intro_en.htm.(7.07.2021).
  Google Scholar

Swedish Aliens Act, (716/2005), https://www.government.se/contentassets/784b3d7be3a54a0185f284bbb2683055/aliens-act-2005_716.pdf.(14.07.2021).
  Google Scholar

UN, 1992, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change.
  Google Scholar

UN, 1951, The Refugee Convention, 1https://www.unhcr.org/4ca34be29.pdf.
  Google Scholar

BIERMANN F., I. BOAS, 2010, Preparing for a Warmer World: Towards a Global Governance System to Protect Climate Refugees, Global Environmental Politics, 1(10): 60-88, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227627225_Preparing_for_a_Warmer_World_Towards_a_Global_Governance_System_to_Protect_Climate_Refugees (25.08.2021).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/glep.2010.10.1.60   Google Scholar

DANILOVIĆ HRISTIĆ N., STEFANOVIĆ N., 2020, Does Appearance of the Migrants Change Citizens Perception of the Public Space? Case Study of Disturbed Sustainability, Belgrade, Serbia, Problemy Ekorozwoju/ Problems of Sustainable Development, 15(1): 71-80.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35784/pe.2020.1.08   Google Scholar

EMENIKE K.O., 2021, Impact of Coronavirus Pandemic on Financial Market Stability in Africa, Problemy Ekorozwoju/ Problems of Sustainable Development,16(2): 18-25.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35784/pe.2021.2.02   Google Scholar

KOLMANNSKOG V., F. MYRSTAD, 2009, Environmental Displacement in European Asylum Law, European Journal of Migration and Law, 11(4): 313-326.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/138836409X12501577630588   Google Scholar

KRALER A., T. CERNEI, M. NOACK, 2011, Directorate-general for internal policies. ‘Climate refugees’ Legal and policy responses to environmentally induced migration. Policy Department C: Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs European Parliament, Brussels, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/etudes/join/2011/462422/IPOL-LIBE
  Google Scholar

_ET(2011)462422_EN.pdf (11.07.2021).
  Google Scholar

PROKURAT S., 2019, Skills, administration and age management: A call for institutional arrangements for new migrants arriving in Europe, Journal of Modern Studies, 40(1): 253-270.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.13166/jms/99774   Google Scholar

RYDZEWSKI P., 2020, Immigration and Social Aspects of Sustainable Development. The Case of Germany, Problemy Ekorozwoju/ Problems of Sustainable Development, 15(1): 25-31.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35784/pe.2020.1.03   Google Scholar

SITEK M., 2019, Human/ society's right to information on the environment. Reception of selected issues of the Aarhus Convention into the EU and Polish law, Journal of Modern Studies 42(3): 181-194.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.13166/jms/112769   Google Scholar

SKORZYCKI M., 2017, Wspólnotowy wymiar polityki imigracyjnej Unii Europejskiej w obliczu wyzwań związanych ze zwiększonym napływem imigrantów w 2015 r., Przegląd Europejski, 44(2): 82-117, http://przegladeuropejski.wnpism.uw.edu.pl/zasoby/pliki/44/5-Skorzycki.pdf (13.07.2021).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.2.17.5   Google Scholar


Opublikowane
2022-07-03

Cited By / Share

Krajewski, P. (2022). Uchodźcy środowiskowi, propozycje prawno-międzynarodowego rozwiązania problemu. Problemy Ekorozwoju Problems of Sustainable Development, 17(2), 133–139. https://doi.org/10.35784/pe.2022.2.14

Autorzy

Piotr Krajewski 

University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, The Faculty of Law and Administration Obitza 1 Street, 10 702 Olsztyn, Poland Polska
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7233-899X

Statystyki

Abstract views: 49
PDF downloads: 28