REFLECTION ON CONSERVATION-RESTORATION PRACTICE TODAY. A EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE
Stefan Belishki
Academy of Arts in Sofia (Bulgaria)
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3161-7129
Susan Corr
Institute of Conservator-Restorers in Ireland (Ireland)
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6555-9820
Abstract
Contemporary conservation-restoration practice is affected by theoretical and ethical principles and by social factors. They are often discussed separately, but their effect on the processes of conservation-restoration is complex and intertwined.
This paper offers an overview of the development of professional codes of ethics in conservation-restoration and as they relate to and inform professional competences. It looks at how ethics and competences are defined and link with professional education. It also discusses relationships with other professions in the preservation of cultural heritage and the need for clarification on the role and obligation of these respective professions. The legal and social issues they generate at a European level are touched upon.
Keywords:
Conservation-restoration, professional codes of ethics, professional competence, professional education, legal issuesReferences
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Ashley-Smith, J. (2016). Losing the edge: the risk of a decline in practical conservation skills. Journal of the Institute of Conservation, 39(2), 119–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/19455224.2016.1210015
Ashley-Smith, J. (2017). A role for bespoke codes of ethics. In ICOM-CC 18th Triennial Conference Preprints. Copenhagen: J. Bridgland, art. 1901. Paris: International Council of Museums.
Brandi, C. (1963). Teoria del restauro: lezioni raccolte da L. Vlad. Borrelli, J. Raspi Serra, G. Urbani ... Bibliografia generale dell’autore. Roma: Edizioni di Storia e letteratura.
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Castaldi, M. M., Cueco, D. A., Hutchings, J., & Organisations, E. C. C. O. E. C. of C.-R. (2014). A European Recommendation for the Conservation-Restoration of cultural heritage. One step towards greater recognition of the role of Conservation-Restoration at European level. CeROArt. Conservation, Exposition, Restauration d’Objets d’Art, (9). Retrieved from http://journals.openedition.org/ceroart/3751
Cather, S. (2000). The Dilemma of Conservation Education. Conservation, The Getty Conservation Institute Newsletter, 15(1), 9–12. Retrieved from http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/newsletters/15_1/feature1_3.html
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Committee, T. M. P. (1964). The Murray Pease Report. Studies in Conservation, 9(3), 116–121. https://doi.org/10.1179/sic.1964.018
Corr, S. (2017). European Confederation of Conservator-Restorers’ Organisations: Negotiating for Conservation-Restoration in the EU. In Eighth International Conference on Science and Technology in Archaeology and Conservation (STAC 8). Amman (Jordan): in print.
Corr, S. (2018). On skills, training and knowledge transfer in conservation-restoration within cultural heritage professions (Mapping Competences for access to the profession of conservation-restoration). In Professionalism in the built heritage sector - in print (p. 11). Leuven: Raymond Lemaire International Centre for Conservation - in print.
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E.C.C.O. (2002). E.C.C.O. Professional Guidelines (I) The Profession. E.C.C.O. Retrieved from http://www.ecco-eu.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ECCO_professional_guidelines_I.pdf
E.C.C.O. (2003). E.C.C.O. Professional Guidelines (II) Code of Ethics. E.C.C.O. Retrieved from http://www.ecco-eu.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ECCO_professional_guidelines_II.pdf
E.C.C.O. (2004). E.C.C.O. Professional Guidelines (III) Education. E.C.C.O. Retrieved from http://www.ecco-eu.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ECCO_professional_guidelines_III.pdf
E.C.C.O. (2008). Draft of European Recommendation for the Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage. Retrieved from https://journals.openedition.org/ceroart/3764?file=1
ENCoRE. (2001). Clarification of Conservation/Restoration Education at University Level or Recognised Equivalent. Retrieved from http://www.encore-edu.org/ENCoRE-documents/cp.pdf
ENCoRE, & E.C.C.O. (2003). E.C.C.O - ENCoRE Paper on Education and Access to the Conservation-Restoration Profession. Retrieved from http://www.encore-edu.org/ENCoRE-documents/ECCO-ENCoRE.pdf
EU. (2008). Proposal for a recommendation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Establishment of the European Qualifications Framework for lifelong learning. Official Journal of the European Union. Retrieved from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32008H0506(01)&from=EN
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European Ministers in charge of Higher Education. (1999). Bologna Delcaration. the European Higher Education Area (EHEA). Retrieved from http://media.ehea.info/file/Ministerial_conferences/02/8/1999_Bologna_Declaration_English_553028.pdf
Hutchings, J. (2011). Educating the Conservator-Restorer. Evaluating Education Delivery in Terms of the New ECCO Competence Framework for Access to the Profession—The Oslo University Case Study. In ICOM-CC 16th Triennial Conference, Lisbon, 19–23 September 2011.
Hutchings, J., & Corr, S. (2012). A framework for access to the conservation–restoration profession via the mapping of its specialist competencies. Higher Education, 63(4), 439–454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-011-9450-y
ICOMOS. (1964). International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites (The Venice Charter). ICOMOS. Retrieved from https://www.icomos.org/charters/venice_e.pdf
ICOMOS. (2003). ICOMOS Principles for the Preservation and Conservation-Restoration of Wall Paintings. ICOMOS. Retrieved from https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Charters/wallpaintings_e.pdf
ICON. (2014a). The Institute of Conservation Code of Conduct. Retrieved from http://icon.org.uk/system/files/documents/icon_code_of_conduct.pdf
ICON. (2014b). The Institute of Conservation’s Professional Standards. Retrieved from http://icon.org.uk/system/files/documents/professional-standards-2016.pdf
Isar, R., Bridgland, J., & Von Imhoff, C. (1984). Definition of profession 1984 - ICOM-CC. ICOM-CC. Retrieved from http://www.icom-cc.org/47/about/definition-of-profession-1984/#.WnqdXJP1UY0
Jokilehto, J. (2009). Conservation Principles in the International Context. In Conservation: Principles, Dilemmas and Uncomfortable Truths (pp. 73–83). Routledge.
Keck, S. (1967). IIC-AG Code of Ethics for Art Conservators. Bulletin of the American Group. International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, 8(1), 3–3. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3179143
Muñoz Viñas, S. (2005). Contemporary theory of conservation. Oxford ; Burlington, MA: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
Muñoz Viñas, S. (2009). Minimal intervention revisited. In A. Richmond & A. Bracker (Eds.), Conservation: principles, dilemmas and uncomfortable truths (pp. 47–59). Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann in association with the Victoria and Albert Museum.
Muñoz Viñas, S. (2015). “Who is Afraid of Cesare Brandi?” Personal reflections on the Teoria del restauro. CeROArt. Conservation, Exposition, Restauration d’Objets d’Art, (HS). Retrieved from http://journals.openedition.org/ceroart/4653
Noll Minor, M. (2016, June). Conservator-restorers and other actors in building conservation. Presented at the E.C.C.O.’s 25th Anniversary Presidents Meeting, Bode-Museum, Berlin. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PE1Nrgix3gw
Staniforth, S. (2000). Conservation: Significance, Relevance and Sustainability. The Forbes Prize Lecture delivered on Tuesday 10th September. In Tradition and innovation : advances in conservation : Contributions to the Melbourne Congress 10-14 October 2000. Melbourne, Australia: London: International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, 2000.
Stoner, J., & Verbeeck, M. (2017). The impact of Paul Philippot on the theory and history of conservation/restoration. In Linking Past and Future. Copenhagen: J. Bridgland, art. 1908. Paris: International Council of Museums.
The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. (2008, May 6). Recommendation of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2008 on the establishment of the European Qualifications Framework for lifelong learning. the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32008H0506%2801%29
Williams, E. M. (2017). Cross-disciplinary conservation—is this the way forward? Journal of the Institute of Conservation, 40(3), 201–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/19455224.2017.1320298
AICCM. (2008, January 19). Code of Ethics and Practice. Retrieved 4 February 2018, from https://aiccm.org.au/about/code-ethics-and-practice
Anderson, L. W., & Krathwohl, D. R. (2001). A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing : a revision of Bloom’s taxonomy of educational objectives : complete edition. New York : Longman.
Ashley-Smith, J. (2016). Losing the edge: the risk of a decline in practical conservation skills. Journal of the Institute of Conservation, 39(2), 119–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/19455224.2016.1210015
Ashley-Smith, J. (2017). A role for bespoke codes of ethics. In ICOM-CC 18th Triennial Conference Preprints. Copenhagen: J. Bridgland, art. 1901. Paris: International Council of Museums.
Brandi, C. (1963). Teoria del restauro: lezioni raccolte da L. Vlad. Borrelli, J. Raspi Serra, G. Urbani ... Bibliografia generale dell’autore. Roma: Edizioni di Storia e letteratura.
Brandi, C. (1977). Teoria del restauro. Torino: Giulio Einaudi Editore - Piccola Biblioteca Einaudi Ns. Retrieved from https://www.einaudi.it/catalogo-libri/arte-e-musica/arte/teoria-del-restauro-cesare-brandi-9788806155650/
Canadian Association for Conservation of Cultural Property, & Canadian Association of Professional Conservators. (2000). Code of ethics and guidance for practice: of the Canadian Association for Conservation of Cultural Property and of the Canadian Association of Professional Conservators. Ottawa: Canadian Association for Conservation of Cultural Property.
Castaldi, M. M., Cueco, D. A., Hutchings, J., & Organisations, E. C. C. O. E. C. of C.-R. (2014). A European Recommendation for the Conservation-Restoration of cultural heritage. One step towards greater recognition of the role of Conservation-Restoration at European level. CeROArt. Conservation, Exposition, Restauration d’Objets d’Art, (9). Retrieved from http://journals.openedition.org/ceroart/3751
Cather, S. (2000). The Dilemma of Conservation Education. Conservation, The Getty Conservation Institute Newsletter, 15(1), 9–12. Retrieved from http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/newsletters/15_1/feature1_3.html
CDPATEP. (2009). Steering Committee for Cultural Heritage and Landscape (CDPATEP) (Plenary Session No. 2 nd Plenary Session). Retrieved from https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=090000168064b2a9
Committee, T. M. P. (1964). The Murray Pease Report. Studies in Conservation, 9(3), 116–121. https://doi.org/10.1179/sic.1964.018
Corr, S. (2017). European Confederation of Conservator-Restorers’ Organisations: Negotiating for Conservation-Restoration in the EU. In Eighth International Conference on Science and Technology in Archaeology and Conservation (STAC 8). Amman (Jordan): in print.
Corr, S. (2018). On skills, training and knowledge transfer in conservation-restoration within cultural heritage professions (Mapping Competences for access to the profession of conservation-restoration). In Professionalism in the built heritage sector - in print (p. 11). Leuven: Raymond Lemaire International Centre for Conservation - in print.
E.C.C.O. (2011). Competences for Access to the Conservation-Restoration Profession (2nd Edition). Brussels: E.C.C.O. 2011 – European Confederation of Conservator-Restorers‘ Organisations A.I.S.B.L. / Confédération Européenne des Organisations de Conservateurs-Restaurateurs A.I.S.B.L. Retrieved from http://www.ecco-eu.org/fileadmin/assets/documents/publications/ECCO_Competences_EN.pdf
Council of Europe (Ed.). (2006). Council of Europe Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society: Faro, 27. 10. 2005 = Convention-cadre du Conseil de l’Europe sur la valeur du patrimoine culturel pour la société. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publ.
Council of Europe. (2015). Cultural heritage in the 21st century for living better together. A common strategy for Europe [Namur declaration and the Namur call. Namur: Council of Europe.
Council of Europe. (2017). Recommendation of the Committee of Ministers to member States on the European Cultural Heritage Strategy for the 21st century. Council of Europe Publ. Retrieved from https://rm.coe.int/16806f6a03
Council of Europe. (2018a). Factsheet Conservation-restoration of cultural heritage. CoE. Retrieved from https://rm.coe.int/strategy-21-conservation-restoration-of-cultural-heritage-in-less-than/16807bfbba
Council of Europe. (2018b). Factsheet Preventive conservation of cultural heritage. CoE. Retrieved from https://www.coe.int/en/web/culture-and-heritage/strategy-21
E.C.C.O. (2002). E.C.C.O. Professional Guidelines (I) The Profession. E.C.C.O. Retrieved from http://www.ecco-eu.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ECCO_professional_guidelines_I.pdf
E.C.C.O. (2003). E.C.C.O. Professional Guidelines (II) Code of Ethics. E.C.C.O. Retrieved from http://www.ecco-eu.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ECCO_professional_guidelines_II.pdf
E.C.C.O. (2004). E.C.C.O. Professional Guidelines (III) Education. E.C.C.O. Retrieved from http://www.ecco-eu.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ECCO_professional_guidelines_III.pdf
E.C.C.O. (2008). Draft of European Recommendation for the Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage. Retrieved from https://journals.openedition.org/ceroart/3764?file=1
ENCoRE. (2001). Clarification of Conservation/Restoration Education at University Level or Recognised Equivalent. Retrieved from http://www.encore-edu.org/ENCoRE-documents/cp.pdf
ENCoRE, & E.C.C.O. (2003). E.C.C.O - ENCoRE Paper on Education and Access to the Conservation-Restoration Profession. Retrieved from http://www.encore-edu.org/ENCoRE-documents/ECCO-ENCoRE.pdf
EU. (2008). Proposal for a recommendation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Establishment of the European Qualifications Framework for lifelong learning. Official Journal of the European Union. Retrieved from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32008H0506(01)&from=EN
European Commission. (2015). Launching the Voice of Culture ‒ Structured Dialogue between the European Commission and the cultural sector - Creative Europe - European Commission. Retrieved 17 February 2018, from /programmes/creative-europe/content/launching-voice-culture-%E2%80%92-structured-dialogue-between-european-commission-and-cultural_en
European Ministers in charge of Higher Education. (1999). Bologna Delcaration. the European Higher Education Area (EHEA). Retrieved from http://media.ehea.info/file/Ministerial_conferences/02/8/1999_Bologna_Declaration_English_553028.pdf
Hutchings, J. (2011). Educating the Conservator-Restorer. Evaluating Education Delivery in Terms of the New ECCO Competence Framework for Access to the Profession—The Oslo University Case Study. In ICOM-CC 16th Triennial Conference, Lisbon, 19–23 September 2011.
Hutchings, J., & Corr, S. (2012). A framework for access to the conservation–restoration profession via the mapping of its specialist competencies. Higher Education, 63(4), 439–454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-011-9450-y
ICOMOS. (1964). International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites (The Venice Charter). ICOMOS. Retrieved from https://www.icomos.org/charters/venice_e.pdf
ICOMOS. (2003). ICOMOS Principles for the Preservation and Conservation-Restoration of Wall Paintings. ICOMOS. Retrieved from https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Charters/wallpaintings_e.pdf
ICON. (2014a). The Institute of Conservation Code of Conduct. Retrieved from http://icon.org.uk/system/files/documents/icon_code_of_conduct.pdf
ICON. (2014b). The Institute of Conservation’s Professional Standards. Retrieved from http://icon.org.uk/system/files/documents/professional-standards-2016.pdf
Isar, R., Bridgland, J., & Von Imhoff, C. (1984). Definition of profession 1984 - ICOM-CC. ICOM-CC. Retrieved from http://www.icom-cc.org/47/about/definition-of-profession-1984/#.WnqdXJP1UY0
Jokilehto, J. (2009). Conservation Principles in the International Context. In Conservation: Principles, Dilemmas and Uncomfortable Truths (pp. 73–83). Routledge.
Keck, S. (1967). IIC-AG Code of Ethics for Art Conservators. Bulletin of the American Group. International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, 8(1), 3–3. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3179143
Muñoz Viñas, S. (2005). Contemporary theory of conservation. Oxford ; Burlington, MA: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
Muñoz Viñas, S. (2009). Minimal intervention revisited. In A. Richmond & A. Bracker (Eds.), Conservation: principles, dilemmas and uncomfortable truths (pp. 47–59). Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann in association with the Victoria and Albert Museum.
Muñoz Viñas, S. (2015). “Who is Afraid of Cesare Brandi?” Personal reflections on the Teoria del restauro. CeROArt. Conservation, Exposition, Restauration d’Objets d’Art, (HS). Retrieved from http://journals.openedition.org/ceroart/4653
Noll Minor, M. (2016, June). Conservator-restorers and other actors in building conservation. Presented at the E.C.C.O.’s 25th Anniversary Presidents Meeting, Bode-Museum, Berlin. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PE1Nrgix3gw
Staniforth, S. (2000). Conservation: Significance, Relevance and Sustainability. The Forbes Prize Lecture delivered on Tuesday 10th September. In Tradition and innovation : advances in conservation : Contributions to the Melbourne Congress 10-14 October 2000. Melbourne, Australia: London: International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, 2000.
Stoner, J., & Verbeeck, M. (2017). The impact of Paul Philippot on the theory and history of conservation/restoration. In Linking Past and Future. Copenhagen: J. Bridgland, art. 1908. Paris: International Council of Museums.
The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. (2008, May 6). Recommendation of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2008 on the establishment of the European Qualifications Framework for lifelong learning. the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32008H0506%2801%29
Williams, E. M. (2017). Cross-disciplinary conservation—is this the way forward? Journal of the Institute of Conservation, 40(3), 201–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/19455224.2017.1320298
Belishki, S., & Corr, S. (2019). REFLECTION ON CONSERVATION-RESTORATION PRACTICE TODAY. A EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE. Protection of Cultural Heritage, (8), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.35784/odk.1024
Authors
Stefan BelishkiAcademy of Arts in Sofia Bulgaria
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3161-7129
Vice-President of E.C.C.O., Head of the Department of Conservation-Restoration at the Academy of Arts in Sofia
Authors
Susan CorrInstitute of Conservator-Restorers in Ireland Ireland
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6555-9820
President of E.C.C.O., accredited member of the Institute of Conservator-Restorers in Ireland, Head of private
practice and Consultant
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