The Role of Local Communities in the Discourse of Controversial Heritage of Norway and Estonia
Abstract
This chapter analyses paradigm shifts in the discourse of heritage sites connected with tragic personal stories, memories and relics, emphasising local communities’ role in reframing controversial heritage in Norway and Estonia. Although these stories come from different cultures and places, they all revolve around the question of how we approach the most delicate strings in the human mind: beliefs, sorrows and dignity. The sites under discussion are “ hosts” of tragedies from the past century. Among heritage communities, states and experts, there were intense debates about the value and fate of those areas. Besides several historical, political and socioeconomic issues, personal wounds weretaken into account. The first case describes initatives of heritage communities to recognize and acknowledge values of contested Cold War heritage: Suurpea Naval Base built during Soviet occupation, and the deportations on the coasts of Estonia. The second case deals with the initial demolition and later recognition of
Sami burial sites and sacred landscapes of Arctic Norway, restoring rights to Saami heritage. These cases highlight the importance of inclusiveness in dealing with conflicting histories, involoving reconciliation and restitution of dignity to the heritage and communities concerned. Authors rely on a holistic concept of cultural heritage. Community spirit and and sense of place are essential indicators of local character. Authors show the benefits of a people-centred approach towards heritage as a basis for transformative change in heritage protection. The authors’ positions are not purely academic as they have been involved in defining and protecting the cultural heritage in discussed areas.
Keywords:
cultural heritage, heritage communities, sociocultural accessibility, inclusiveness, restitution, reconciliationReferences
Faro 2005. Council of Europe Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society, 2005. Available at https://rm.coe.int/1680083746 (16.04.2022)
Google Scholar
European Court of Human Rights Decision on the case Kolk and Kislyiy v. Estonia: Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to Crimes against Humanity. Available http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/impu/kolk.html (16.04.2022)
Google Scholar
Hareide 2011. Hareide, Dag: Hva er humanisme i Grunnloven? Salongen, nettidsskrift for filosofi og idehistorie. 7. December 2011
Google Scholar
Helaine Silverman, D. Fairchild Ruggles, ‘Cultural Heritage and Human Rights’ in Helaine Silverman (eds), Cultural Heritage and Human Rights (Springer 2007) 4.
Google Scholar
Hiob, Mart et al. 2012. Inventory of Lahemaa National Park Architecture and Settlement Structure (Lahemaa traditsioonilise arhitektuuri ja asustusstruktuuri analüüs). Available https://kaitsealad.ee/sites/default/files/inline-files/34MT10%20Seletuskiri%20Lahemaa%20kylad%20lopparuanne_0.pdf (16.04.2022)
Google Scholar
ICOMOS 2018. ICOMOS Buenos Aires Declaration marking the 70th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 2018. Available https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Secretariat/2018/AGA_2018/AGA2018_BuenosAiresDeclaration_EN-FR-ESP_final.pdf (16.04.2022)
Google Scholar
ICOMOS 2020. ICOMOS Resolution 20GA/19 on People-Centred Approaches to Cultural Heritage 2020. Available https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Secretariat/2021/OCDIRBA/Resolution_20GA19_Peolple_Centred_Approaches_to_Cultural_Heritage.pdf (16.04.2022)
Google Scholar
ICOMOS 2020b. ICOMOS Climate Change Working Group Contribution UN Special Report on Cultural Rights and Climate Change. Available https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Secretariat/2020/ICOMOS_CRCC_Submission_20200430.pdf (16.04.2022)
Google Scholar
ICOMOS 2022. ICOMOS toolkit for practitioners. Heritage, Climate Justice and Equity. Available https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Working_Groups/CCH/Heritage_Climate_Justice_and_Equity-English.pdf (16.04.2022)
Google Scholar
ILO. Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (No. 169) Available https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:55:0::NO::P55_TYPE,P55_LANG,P55_DOCUMENT,P55_NODE:REV,en,C169,/Document (16.04.2022)
Google Scholar
Johansson 1989. Johansson, Carl 1989: Mujto «Memories» Dialekt-, ortnamns- och folkminnesarkivet i Umeå , ISBN: 91-86372-19-X
Google Scholar
Kaasik, Ahto 2009. Sacred Natural Sites of Lahemaa National Park. Inventory (Lahemaa looduslike pühapaikade inventuur) Available https://kaitsealad.ee/sites/default/files/inline-files/Lahemaa_puhapaikade_invent.pdf (16.04.2022)
Google Scholar
Kono 2014. Toshiyuki Kono, 'Authenticity: Principles and notions' (2014) 4 (2) Change over time 436-460; Jukka Jokilehto, 'Considerations on Authenticity and Integrity in the World Heritage Context' Available https://sites.eca.ed.ac.uk/ear/files/2011/11/EAR_30_1.pdf (16.04.2022)
Google Scholar
Lahemaa 2010. Lahemaa rahvuspargi koostöökogu statuut (Statue of Cooperation Council of Lahemaa National Park). Adopted 16.11.2011. Available https://kaitsealad.ee/est/lahemaa-rahvuspargi-koostookogu (16.04.2022)
Google Scholar
Lahemaa 2015. Lahemaa National Park Protection Rules 2015. (Lahemaa rahvuspargi kaitse-eeskiri). Entry
Google Scholar
into force: 8.03.2015. Available at https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/126022015033 (16.04.2022)
Google Scholar
Lahemaa 2016. Lahemaa National Park Management Plan 2016 (Lahemaa rahvuspargi kaitsekorralduskava 2016-2025). Koostajad Imbi Mets, Ave Paulus jt. keskkonnaamet, 2015, pp. 187-189. Available at https://www.keskkonnaamet.ee/et/eesmargid-tegevused/kaitseplaneerimine/kaitsekorralduskavad/lahemaa-rahvuspargi-kaitsekorralduskava (16.04.2022)
Google Scholar
Lahemaa Memoryscapes 2007-2021(Lahemaa mälumaastikud 2007-2021) Estonian Literary Museum, Environmental Board of Estonia, Käsmu Maritime Museum, Juminda Peninsula Society, Kolgaküla Society, Lahemaa
Google Scholar
Friends’ Society, Virumaa museums. Interactive map. Available at https://xgis.maaamet.ee/xGIS/XGis?app_id=MA22&user_id=at&bbox=324547.713717694,6375000,780452.286282306,6635000&LANG=1 (16.04.2022)
Google Scholar
Lang 2002. Lang, Valter 2002. Prehistoric values of Lahemaa National Park (Lahemaa esiajaloosite maastike analüüs). https://kaitsealad.ee/sites/default/files/inline-files/Lang-2002-Ylevaade_Lahemaa_RP_esiajaloolistest_vaartustest.pdf (16.04.2022)
Google Scholar
Lisbon Treaty. TREATY OF LISBON AMENDING THE TREATY ON EUROPEAN UNION AND THE TREATY ESTABLISHING THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY Available at https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:12007L/TXT&from=EN (16.04.2022)
Google Scholar
Lønning 1998. Lønning, I., M. Guhttor, et al. (1998). „Recommondations from Committe for evaluation on the use and management of the skeletal material at Anatomy institute, University of Oslo“. Innstilling fra Utvalg for vurdering av retningslinjer for bruk og forvaltning av skjelettmateriale ved Anatomisk institutt. Oslo, Universitetet i Oslo.
Google Scholar
Nara 1994. Nara Document on Authenticity 1994. Available: https://www.icomos.org/charters/nara-e.pdf (16.04.2022)
Google Scholar
Narits 2020. Raul Narits, Hent Karmo, Lauri Madise, 'Commentaries to Preamble. The Constitution of the Republic of Estonia' in Ülle Madise, Hent Karmo, Oliver Kask, Peep Pruks (eds), Commented 5th edition (Sihtasutus Iuridicum 2020). < https://pohiseadus.ee/sisu/3467> accessed 19 April 2022.
Google Scholar
NCHA 1978. Norwegian Cultural Heritage Act. Accessed 28.04.2022 Act concerning the cultural heritage - Lovdata
Google Scholar
NOU 2016. Official Norwegian Reports NOU 2016:18 "Suggestions for protection of Sami languages". Forslag til lovverk, tiltak og ordninger for samiske språk. ISSN 0333-2306 ISBN 978-82-583-1293-9 07 PrintMedia AS
Google Scholar
Parhomenko, Sazonov. The most important. Element of the Navy Infrastructure. 2003
Google Scholar
Paulus 2019. Paulus, Ave et al. 2019. Rights-Based Approaches in Rural. Heritage - Principles and Practice. 2019 ICOMOS Scientific Symposium: Rural Heritage: Landscapes and Beyond. Available https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1068&context=icomos_isccl (16.04.2022)
Google Scholar
Paulus 2020a. Paulus, Ave 2020. Translating Controversial Heritage Into Creative Futures. ACHS 2020: Futures, the fifth biennial conference of the Association of Critical Heritage Studies, University College London, UK, 26.-30.08.2020. University College London, UK, 50 . Available https://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/sites/archaeology/files/achs_2020_book_of_abstracts_reduced.pdf (16.04.2022)
Google Scholar
Paulus 2020b. Kelli, Aleksei, Paulus, Ave et al 2020. "Description and status of traditional coastal fisheries and maritime values in historical and future terms" Available https://juminda.ee/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Rannakalandus-14-3-2020-final.pdf (16.04.2022)
Google Scholar
Paulus 2020c. Paulus, Ave; Alatalu, Riin 2020. Empowering Heritage Communities. Rights-Based Approaches - Principles and Practice. Fostering heritage communities - Proceedings: Interpret Europe Web Conference. 8.-11.05.2020. Witzenhausen: Interpret Europe, 85−98. Available https://www.interpret-europe.net/fileadmin/Documents/publications/ie_conference_2020_fostering_heritage_communities_proceedings_2nd_ed.pdf (16.04.2022)
Google Scholar
Paulus 2021a. Paulus, Ave; Treufeldt, Robert 2021, Lahemaa and Alutaguse military heritage days. Lahemaa ja Alutaguse rahvuspargi militaarpärandi päevad. In Muinsuskaitse aastaraamat 2020. Available https://www.muinsuskaitseamet.ee/sites/default/files/content-editors/trykised/muinsuskaitse_aastaraamat_2020_web.pdf (16.04.2022)
Google Scholar
Schanche 2000. Schanche, Audhild: «Burial sites in skrees and mountains, sami burial costumes from prehistoric to recent times». Graver i ur og berg, samisk gravskikk og religion fra forhistorisk til nyere tid. Publisher: Davvi Girji OS 2000. ISBN 82-7374-455-8.
Google Scholar
Schanche 2002a. Schanche, Audhild: «The value of the bones. On research and management of skeletal material from Sami burial sites". Knoklenes verdi: Om forskning på og forvaltning av skjelettmateriale fra samiske graverSami research and resarch ethics, Norwegian national committee for resarch ethics in social science and humaniora. (NESH) Published Oslo, December 2002 ISBN: 82-7682-039-5
Google Scholar
Schanche 2002b. Schanche, A. Saami skulls, anthropological race research and the repatriation question in Norway. The dead and their possessions. Repatriation in principle, policy and practice. C. Fforde, J. Hubert and P. Turnbull. London and New York, Routledge. One World Archaeology 43: 47-58
Google Scholar
Sellevold 2009. Sellevold, Berit: «Ethics and old skeletons». The Magasine «Research Ethics», Oslo 2009.
Google Scholar
Sepp 2021. Sepp, K et al. 2021. Lahemaa NP traditional agriculture inventory (Lahemaa rahvuspargi traditsiooniline pllumajandus ja karjakasvatus). Available https://pk.emu.ee/userfiles/instituudid/pk/file/MH_failid/LahemaaRP_traditsioonilineelulaadpollumajandus.pdf (16.04.2022)
Google Scholar
Sepp 2010. Sepp, K. et al. 2010. The inventory of the historical land cover and land use of Lahemaa National park (Ajaloolise maakasutsue analüüs) Environmental Board of Estonia, Estonian University of Life Sciences. Available https://kaitsealad.ee/sites/default/files/inline-files/Lahemaa_maakasutuse_aruanne.pdf (16.04.2022)
Google Scholar
The Constitution of the Republic of Estonia. Entry into force 03.07.1992 (1924). Available https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/530122020003/consolide (16.04.2022)
Google Scholar
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Entry into force 3 January 1976. Available (16.04.2022)
Google Scholar
Tähiste 2018. Tähiste, Ain. Military Heritage inventory. Uuringu „Eesti sõjaajaloolise arhitektuuripärandi kaardistamine ja kasutusvõimaluste analüüs. 19. ja 20. sajand“ lõpparuanne, Eesti Muinsuskaitse Selts Available at https://register.muinas.ee/file/militaryheritagegeneral/47.pdf (16.04.2022)
Google Scholar
UDHR. Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948. Available https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/
Google Scholar
https://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/sites/archaeology/files/achs_2020_book_of_abstracts_reduced.pdf (16.04.2022)
Google Scholar
UNDRIP 2007. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Available https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/declaration-on-the-rights-of-indigenous-peoples.html (16.04.2022)
Google Scholar
UN 2020. UN General Assembly Report A/75/298 on climate change, culture and cultural rights of the Special Rapporteur in the field of cultural rights, Karima Bennoune. Available https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/CulturalRights/Pages/ClimateChange.aspx (16.04.2022)
Google Scholar
UNESCO 1972. Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Available at https://whc.unesco.org/archive/convention-en.pdf (13.04.2022)
Google Scholar
UNESCO 1992. Revision of the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention: Report of the Expert Group on Cultural Landscapes, La Petite Pierre, France 1992; UNESCO world heritage centre background Document on UNESCO world heritage cultural landscapes, 1993 http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/giahs/docs/WorldHeritage_CulturalLandscapes_MechtildRoessler.pdf (14.7.2021).
Google Scholar
UNESCO 2003. Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. Avaiable at https://ich.unesco.org/en/convention (13.04.2022)
Google Scholar
UNESCO 2005. Convention for the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions Available at https://en.unesco.org/creativity/sites/creativity/files/passeport-convention2005-web2.pdf (13.04.2022)
Google Scholar
UNESCO 2019. Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, UNESCO WHC.19/01 10 July 2019. Available https://whc.unesco.org/en/guidelines/ (16.04.2022)
Google Scholar
UNESCO 2021. World Heritage Operational Guidelines 44COM/12. Available (16.04.2022)
Google Scholar
Välja, Leele et al. 2010. Analysis of the architecture and settlement structure of Vergi, Võsu, Käsmu, Viinistu.(Lahemaa Vergi, Võsu, Käsmu, Viinistu arhitektuuri ja asustusstruktuuri analüüs). Available https://kaitsealad.ee/sites/default/files/inline-files/Metoodika.pdf (16.04.2022)
Google Scholar
Õun, Mati 2007. Expertise on Soviet Occupation Naval Base no One. Available https://kaitsealad.ee/sites/default/files/inline-files/ekspertarvamus_Hara_sadamaasula_ja_Suurpea_sojavaelinnaku_kohta.pdf (16.04.2022)
Google Scholar
Authors
Ave Paulusave.paulus@artun.ee
Estonia
Ave Paulus is the President of ICOMOS Estonia, a member of ISCC-IFLA, ICLAFI, Water Heritage, ICOMOS Rights-Based Approaches, and Climate Action working groups. She is an expert from Estonia in the European Union OMC Group on Strengthening Cultural Heritage Resilience for Climate Change. She has master's degrees from the Estonian Academy of Arts (heritage conservation and restoration) and Tartu University (semiotics and theory of culture). Her doctoral thesis relates to the topic of community-based heritage protection. She has coordinated cooperation between heritage communities, states, and universities in more than 30 development projects concerning heritage management. She is a specialist for cultural heritage issues in the Environmental Board of Estonia, a Council member of Virumaa Museums, a spokesperson for the intangible heritage of the Folk Culture Centre, and a Board member of Lahemaa and Alutaguse National Parks Cooperation Councils. Paulus has presented her research results at many national and international scientific events and papers. Her particular interest is coastal heritage.
Additional information: https://www.etis.ee/CV/Ave_Paulus/est?tabId=CV_EN
Authors
Arnstein Bard BrekkeNorway
Arnstein Brekke is a member of the board of ICOMOS Norway, leader of the WOOD committee of Norway and member of the International Wood Committee. Arnstein Brekke works as a conservation officer and project manager at the centre for conservation of vernacular architecture in Nordland, Bodø town. Educated carpenter and engineer in wooden buildings, he has experience researching and protecting vernacular buildings in the Arctic region of Norway. Brekke has been active in research on Sami cultural heritage, focused on the Pite Sami region. In 2021 Brekke made a report to The Norwegian Directorate of cultural heritage about knowledge from a cultural heritage that can be useful in dealing with climate changes.
Statistics
Abstract views: 99PDF downloads: 67
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
