Rola społeczności lokalnych w dyskursie kontrowersyjnego dziedzictwa Norwegii i Estonii
Abstrakt
Niniejszy rozdział analizuje zmiany paradygmatu w dyskursie o miejscach dziedzictwa związanych z tragicznymi historiami osobistymi, wspomnieniami i pozostałościami, podkreślając rolę społeczności lokalnych w przeformułowaniu kontrowersyjnego dziedzictwa w Norwegii i Estonii. Choć historie te pochodzą z różnych kultur i miejsc, wszystkie obracają się wokół pytania o to, jak podchodzimy do najdelikatniejszych strun w ludzkim umyśle: przekonań, smutków i godności. Omawiane miejsca są "gospodarzami" tragedii z minionego wieku. Wśród środowisk zajmujących się dziedzictwem, państw i ekspertów toczyły się intensywne debaty na temat wartości i losu tych obszarów. Oprócz kilku kwestii historycznych, politycznych i społeczno-ekonomicznych, brano pod uwagę rany osobiste. Pierwszy przypadek opisuje inicjatywy społeczności zajmujących się dziedzictwem kulturowym mające na celu rozpoznanie i uznanie wartości spornego dziedzictwa z okresu zimnej wojny: Bazy Marynarki Wojennej Suurpea zbudowanej podczas okupacji sowieckiej oraz deportacji na wybrzeżach Estonii. Drugi przypadek dotyczy początkowego wyburzenia, a następnie uznania miejsc pochówku Saamów i świętych krajobrazów w arktycznej Norwegii, przywracając prawa do dziedzictwa Saamów. Przypadki te podkreślają znaczenie inkluzywności w radzeniu sobie z konfliktami historycznymi, co wiąże się z pojednaniem i przywróceniem godności dziedzictwu i zainteresowanym społecznościom. Autorzy opierają się na holistycznej koncepcji dziedzictwa kulturowego. Duch wspólnoty i poczucie miejsca są podstawowymi wskaźnikami lokalnego charakteru. Autorzy pokazują korzyści płynące z podejścia skoncentrowanego na ludziach w stosunku do dziedzictwa jako podstawy transformacyjnej zmiany w ochronie dziedzictwa. Stanowiska autorów nie są czysto akademickie, gdyż byli oni zaangażowani w definiowanie i ochronę dziedzictwa kulturowego na omawianych obszarach.
Słowa kluczowe:
dziedzictwo kulturowe, wspólnoty dziedzictw, dostępność socjokulturowa, inkluzywność, restytucja, pojednanieBibliografia
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Autorzy
Ave Paulusave.paulus@artun.ee
Estonia
Ave Paulus is the President of ICOMOS Estonia, a member of ISCC-IFLA, ICLAFI, Water Heritage, ICOMOS Rights-Based Approaches, and Climate Action working groups. She is an expert from Estonia in the European Union OMC Group on Strengthening Cultural Heritage Resilience for Climate Change. She has master's degrees from the Estonian Academy of Arts (heritage conservation and restoration) and Tartu University (semiotics and theory of culture). Her doctoral thesis relates to the topic of community-based heritage protection. She has coordinated cooperation between heritage communities, states, and universities in more than 30 development projects concerning heritage management. She is a specialist for cultural heritage issues in the Environmental Board of Estonia, a Council member of Virumaa Museums, a spokesperson for the intangible heritage of the Folk Culture Centre, and a Board member of Lahemaa and Alutaguse National Parks Cooperation Councils. Paulus has presented her research results at many national and international scientific events and papers. Her particular interest is coastal heritage.
Additional information: https://www.etis.ee/CV/Ave_Paulus/est?tabId=CV_EN
Autorzy
Arnstein Bard BrekkeNorwegia
Arnstein Brekke is a member of the board of ICOMOS Norway, leader of the WOOD committee of Norway and member of the International Wood Committee. Arnstein Brekke works as a conservation officer and project manager at the centre for conservation of vernacular architecture in Nordland, Bodø town. Educated carpenter and engineer in wooden buildings, he has experience researching and protecting vernacular buildings in the Arctic region of Norway. Brekke has been active in research on Sami cultural heritage, focused on the Pite Sami region. In 2021 Brekke made a report to The Norwegian Directorate of cultural heritage about knowledge from a cultural heritage that can be useful in dealing with climate changes.
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