Assessing Forest Conservation Strategies for Biodiversity Restoration and Sustainable Development: A Comparative Analysis of Global Income Groups
Rima H. Binsaeed
King Saud University, College of Business Administration, Department of Management, Riyadh (Saudi Arabia)
Abdelmohsen A. Nassani
King Saud University, College of Business Administration, Department of Management, Riyadh (Saudi Arabia)
Khalid Zaman
khalid_zaman786@yahoo.comThe University of Haripur, Department of Economics, Haripur Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan)
Zeeshan Arshad
Universidade de Aveiro, Department of Environment and Planning, CESAM /Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro (Portugal)
Mohamed Haffar
University of Birmingham, Birmingham Business School, Department of Management, Birmingham (United Kingdom)
Dadang Yunus Lutfiansyah
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Department of Community Education, Kota Bandung (Indonesia)
Kamalularifin Subari
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Faculty of Social Sciences & Humanities, Johor (Malaysia)
Hailan Salamun
Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), Centre for Fundamental and Continuing Studies (PPAL), Department of Nationhood and Civilization, Terengganu (Malaysia)
Abstract
The escalating rate of deforestation presents significant challenges to the global economy, including the loss of habitats for endangered species and a decline in biocapacity reserves. This situation also raises concerns about overcrowding and excessive production, which can undermine conservation efforts. Addressing this issue, Sustainable Development Goal 15 of the United Nations emphasizes managing forest resources, preventing habitat loss, combatting desertification, and expanding biodiversity reserves. Its contributions have played a pivotal role in wildlife conservation, mitigating rural-urban migration and preserving land resources. Given the relevance of this problem, this study examines the consequences of ongoing tropical deforestation on the loss of endangered species habitats while controlling for biocapacity reserves, urbanization, economic growth, and industrialization across a large sample of 159 nations, further categorized into low-, middle-, and high-income countries. The findings from cross-sectional and quantile regression analyses reveal that higher deforestation rates, increased rural-urban migration, and greater industrialization threaten endangered species habitats. Conversely, increased biocapacity reserves and economic growth contribute to wildlife restoration. Granger causality estimations highlight unidirectional relationships between deforestation and biodiversity loss (as well as biocapacity reserves), while deforestation and industrialization exhibit bidirectional causality. The results further indicate that sustained economic growth leads to deforestation, biocapacity reserves, and urbanization, while urbanization contributes to deforestation. This underscores the role of deforestation as the primary driver of habitat loss for endangered species and the depletion of biocapacity, thereby fostering mass production. Urbanization and economic growth are shown to be causally linked to deforestation across countries. The study underscores the urgent need to safeguard forest reserves against large-scale land conversion for infrastructure development, industrialization, and settlement of overpopulated urban areas, as these factors contribute to habitat degradation and biodiversity loss. Conserving, restoring, and promoting sustainable utilization of ecosystems are essential measures to address natural uncertainties and advance Sustainable development goals.
Keywords:
deforestation, biodiversity loss, biocapacity reserves, urbanization, industrialization, economic growth, quantile regressionReferences
ACHEAMPONG J., BAIDOO P., SOMUAH C. O., 2023, The Influence of Values, Beliefs, and Norms on Succession Planning and Organizational Culture: An Investigation of Their Role in Long-Term Success and Survival,Archives of the Social Sciences: A Journal of Collaborative Memory, 1(1), 67-77, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7949584.
Google Scholar
AHMED Z., LE H. P., SHAHZAD S. J. H., 2022, Toward Environmental Sustainability: How Do Urbanization, Eco-nomic Growth, and Industrialization affect Biocapacity in Brazil?, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 24(10): 11676-11696, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01915-x.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01915-x
Google Scholar
AJANAKU B. A., COLLINS A. R., 2021, Economic growth and deforestation in African countries: Is the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis applicable?, Forest Policy and Economics, 129: 102488, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102488.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102488
Google Scholar
AKANI G.C., 2023, Rationale Behind Conservation of Africa’s Biological Resources, Sustainable Utilization and Conser-vation of Africa’s Biological Resources and Environment. Sustainable Development and Biodiversity: 888, Springer, Sin-gapore, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6974-4_9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6974-4_9
Google Scholar
ALBAITY M., AWAD A., 2023, The heterogeneous effect of ICT on countries with different levels of ecological degra-dation and income: A Panel Quantile Approach, Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 9(2): 100055, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2023.100055.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2023.100055
Google Scholar
ALBERT J. S., CARNAVAL A. C., FLANTUA S. G., LOHMANN L. G., RIBAS C. C., RIFF D., ... NOBRE C. A., 2023, Human impacts outpace natural processes in the Amazon, Science, 379(6630): eabo5003, https://doi.org/abo5003.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abo5003
Google Scholar
ALEMU M. M., 2022, Overview on the Impact of Human Activity on Protected Areas, Human Activity, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Protected Areas, Springer, Cham, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89571-6_1.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89571-6
Google Scholar
ALVES DE OLIVEIRA B. F., BOTTINO M. J., NOBRE P., NOBRE C. A., 2021, Deforestation and climate change are projected to increase heat stress risk in the Brazilian Amazon, Communications Earth & Environment, 2(1): 1-8, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00275-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00275-8
Google Scholar
ANSARI M. A., KHAN N. A., 2021, Decomposing the trade-environment nexus for high income, upper and lower mid-dle income countries: What do the composition, scale, and technique effect indicate?, Ecological Indicators, 121: 107122, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107122.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107122
Google Scholar
APAYDIN Ş., URSAVAŞ U., KOÇ Ü., 2021, The impact of globalization on the ecological footprint: do convergence clubs matter?, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28: 53379-53393, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14300-y.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14300-y
Google Scholar
AQIB M., ZAMAN K., 2023, Greening the Workforce: The Power of Investing in Human Capital, Archives of the Social Sciences: A Journal of Collaborative Memory, 1(1), 31-51, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7620041.
Google Scholar
ARAUJO L. S., MAGDALENA U. R., LOUZADA T. S., SALOMON P. S., MORAES F. C., FERREIRA B. P., ... MOURA R. L., 2021, Growing industrialization and poor conservation planning challenge natural resources' management in the Amazon Shelf off Brazil, Marine Policy, 128: 104465, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104465.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104465
Google Scholar
ASGHAR M., 2023, Cafe Politics: How Food Service Operators Influence University Students' Satisfaction and Dining Frequency, Politica, 1(1): 42-53, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7747564.
Google Scholar
AYDIN C., ESEN Ö., AYDIN R., 2022, Analyzing the economic development-driven ecological deficit in the EU-15 countries: new evidence from PSTR approach, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29: 15188-15204, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16773-3.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16773-3
Google Scholar
BASTOS LIMA M. G., PALME U., 2022, The Bioeconomy–Biodiversity Nexus: Enhancing or Undermining Nature’s Contributions to People?, Conservation, 2(1): 7-25, https://doi.org/10.3390/conservation2010002.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/conservation2010002
Google Scholar
BEKABIL U. T., 2020, Industrialization and Environmental Pollution in Africa: An Empirical Review, Journal of Re-sources Development and Management, 69: 18-21.
Google Scholar
BHUIYAN M. A., JABEEN M., ZAMAN K., KHAN A., AHMAD J., HISHAN S. S., 2018, The impact of climate change and energy resources on biodiversity loss: Evidence from a panel of selected Asian countries, Renewable ener-gy, 117: 324-340, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.10.054.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.10.054
Google Scholar
BLACKMAN A., VILLALOBOS L., 2021, Use forests or lose them? Regulated timber extraction and tree cover loss in Mexico, Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, 8(1): 125-163,
Google Scholar
https://doi.org/10.1086/710837.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/710837
Google Scholar
BODO T., GIMAH B. G., SEOMONI K. J., 2021, Deforestation and Habitat Loss: Human Causes, Consequences and Possible Solutionsm Journal of Geographical Research, 4(2): 22-30.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.30564/jgr.v4i2.3059
Google Scholar
CHAKRABORTY S.K., SANYAL P., RAY R., 2023, Pollution, Environmental Perturbation and Consequent Loss of Wetlands. Wetlands Ecology, Springer, Cham, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09253-4_8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09253-4_8
Google Scholar
CHAN F. K. S., CHEN J., LI P., WANG J., WANG J., ZHU Y., 2023, The cross-boundary of land degradation in Mon-golia and China and achieving its neutrality-challenges and opportunities, Ecological Indicators, 151: 110311.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110311
Google Scholar
CHUNLING L., MEMON J. A., THANH T. L., ALI M., KIRIKKALELI D., 2021, The Impact of Public-Private Part-nership Investment in Energy and Technological Innovation on Ecological Footprint: The Case of Paki-stan, Sustainability, 13(18): 10085, https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810085.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810085
Google Scholar
CROTEAU E., MOTT C. L., 2013, Saving endangered species: A case study using global amphibian declines, Nature Education Knowledge, 4(4): 9.
Google Scholar
DANDOTIYA B., SHARMA H. K., 2022, Climate Change and Its Impact on Terrestrial Ecosystems, Research Antholo-gy on Environmental and Societal Impacts of Climate Change, ed. Management Association: 88-101, IGI Global, http://doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-3686-8.ch005.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-3686-8.ch005
Google Scholar
DORNINGER C., VON WEHRDEN H., KRAUSMANN F., BRUCKNER M., FENG K., HUBACEK K., ... ABSON D. J., 2021, The effect of industrialization and globalization on domestic land-use: A global resource footprint perspec-tive, Global Environmental Change, 69: 102311.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102311
Google Scholar
DOS REIS M., DE ALENCASTRO GRAÇA P. M. L., YANAI A. M., RAMOS C. J. P., FEARNSIDE P. M., 2021, Forest fires and deforestation in the central Amazon: Effects of landscape and climate on spatial and temporal dynam-ics, Journal of Environmental Management, 288: 112310.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112310
Google Scholar
DUENAS M. A., HEMMING D. J., ROBERTS A., DIAZ-SOLTERO H., 2021, The threat of invasive species to IUCN-listed critically endangered species: A systematic review, Global Ecology and Conservation, 26: e01476.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01476
Google Scholar
EREN Ö., UĞURLUAY S., SÖYLER O., ÇAKIR M., KALPAKÇIOĞLU H., 2018, Determination of Ecological Foot-print of Instructors and Biocapacity Deficit in Turkey: A Case Study of Hatay-Iskenderun Region, International Journal of Scientific and Technological Research, 4(4): 90-96.
Google Scholar
EYVINDSON K., REPO A., MÖNKKÖNEN M., 2018, Mitigating forest biodiversity and ecosystem service losses in the era of bio-based economy, Forest Policy and Economics, 92: 119-127.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2018.04.009
Google Scholar
FARIA D., MORANTE-FILHO J. C., BAUMGARTEN J., BOVENDORP R. S., CAZETTA E., GAIOTTO F. A., ... BENCHIMOL M., 2023, The breakdown of ecosystem functionality driven by deforestation in a global biodiversity hotspot, Biological Conservation, 283: 110126.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2023.110126
Google Scholar
FENG Y., HE S., LI G., 2021, Interaction between urbanization and the eco-environment in the Pan-Third Pole re-gion, Science of The Total Environment, 789: 148011.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148011
Google Scholar
ABBI G., MATTHIAS M., PATRIZI N., PULSELLI F. M., BASTIANONI, S., 2021, The biocapacity adjusted econom-ic growth. Developing a new indicator, Ecological Indicators, 122: 107318.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107318
Google Scholar
GIRARD J., DELACOTE P., LEBLOIS A., 2021, Agricultural households’ adaptation to weather shocks in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for land-use change and deforestation, Environment and Development Economics, 26(5-6): 538-560, doi:10.1017/S1355770X2000056X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X2000056X
Google Scholar
GUO J., YUE D., LI K., HUI C., 2017, Biocapacity optimization in regional planning, Scientific reports, 7(1): 1-10.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep41150
Google Scholar
HABIBULLAH M. S., DIN B. H., TAN S. H., ZAHID H., 2022, Impact of climate change on biodiversity loss: global evidence, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29: 1073-1086.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15702-8
Google Scholar
HAILIANG Z., CHAU K. Y., WAQAS M., 2023, Does green finance and renewable energy promote tourism for sus-tainable development: empirical evidence from China, Renewable Energy, 207: 660-671.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.03.032
Google Scholar
HASSAN S. T., BALOCH M. A., MAHMOOD N., ZHANG J., 2019, Linking economic growth and ecological foot-print through human capital and biocapacity, Sustainable Cities and Society, 47: 101516.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101516
Google Scholar
HERMOSO V., CARVALHO S. B., GIAKOUMI S., GOLDSBOROUGH D., KATSANEVAKIS S., LEONTIOU S., ...YATES K. L., 2022, The EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030: Opportunities and challenges on the path towards biodiver-sity recovery, Environmental Science & Policy, 127: 263-271.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2021.10.028
Google Scholar
HOANG N. T., KANEMOTO K., 2021, Mapping the deforestation footprint of nations reveals growing threat to tropical forests, Nature Ecology & Evolution, 5(6): 845-853.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-021-01417-z
Google Scholar
ILBAY M., RUIZ J., CUEVA E., ORTIZ V., MORALES D., 2021, Empirical Model for Estimating the Ecological Foot-print in Ecuador Based on Demographic, Economic and Environmental Indicators, Journal of Ecological Engineer-ing, 22(5): 59-67.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/135868
Google Scholar
ISLAM M., MANAGI S., 2019, Green growth and pro-environmental behavior: Sustainable resource management using natural capital accounting in India, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 145: 126-138.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.02.027
Google Scholar
JAIN A., 2023, Biodiversity, Greens and Cultural Spaces, Climate Resilient, Green and Low Carbon Built Environment. Green Energy and Technology, Springer, Singapore, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0216-3_8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0216-3_8
Google Scholar
JIE, H., KHAN, I., ALHARTHI, M., ZAFAR, M. W., SAEED, A., 2023, Sustainable energy policy, socio-economic development, and ecological footprint: The economic significance of natural resources, population growth, and industrial development, Utilities Policy, 81, 101490.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2023.101490
Google Scholar
KHAN M., 2023, Shifting Gender Roles in Society and the Workplace: Implications for Environmental Sustainability, Politica, 1(1): 9-25, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7634130.
Google Scholar
HAN M. T., IMRAN, M., 2023, Archives of the Social Sciences: A Journal of Collaborative Memory, Archives of the Social Sciences: A Journal of Collaborative Memory, 1(1): 52-66.
Google Scholar
KLEEMANN J., KOO H., HENSEN I., MENDIETA-LEIVA G., KAHNT B., KURZE C., ... FÜRST C., 2022, Priori-ties of action and research for the protection of biodiversity and ecosystem services in continental Ecuador, Biological Con-servation, 265: 109404.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109404
Google Scholar
KLEINSCHMIT D., FERRAZ ZIEGERT R., WALTHER L., 2021, Framing Illegal Logging and its Governance respons-es in Brazil – A Structured Review of Diagnosis and Prognosis, Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 4: 59, https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2021.624072.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2021.624072
Google Scholar
KOSLOWSKI M., MORAN D. D., TISSERANT A., VERONES F., WOOD R., 2020, Quantifying Europe's biodiversi-ty footprints and the role of urbanization and income, Global Sustainability, 3(E1), https://doi.org/10.1017/sus.2019.23.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/sus.2019.23
Google Scholar
KOUADIO I., SINGH R., 2021, Deforestation and threat to biodiversity in developing countries: case of Ivory Coast, Wesleyan Journal of Research, 14(07): 32-43.
Google Scholar
LEE T. C., ANSER M. K., NASSANI A. A., HAFFAR M., ZAMAN K., ABRO M. M. Q., 2021, Managing Natural Resources through Sustainable Environmental Actions: A Cross-Sectional Study of 138 Countries, Sustainability, 13(22): 12475, https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212475.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212475
Google Scholar
MAHUSHI D. J., MACHUNDA R. L., KIBONA T. E., 2021, Impacts of Wood Fuel Uses on Forest Cover: The Case of Semiarid Areas in Northern Tanzania, Tanzania Journal of Science, 47(4): 1478-1491.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/tjs.v47i4.13
Google Scholar
MAYANI-PARÁS F., BOTELLO F., CASTAÑEDA S., MUNGUÍA-CARRARA M., SÁNCHEZ-CORDERO V., 2021, Cumulative habitat loss increases conservation threats on endemic species of terrestrial vertebrates in Mexi-co, Biological Conservation, 253: 108864.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108864
Google Scholar
MI C., MA L., YANG M., LI X., MEIRI S., ROLL U., ... DU W., 2023, Global Protected Areas as refuges for amphibi-ans and reptiles under climate change, Nature Communications, 14(1): 1389.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36987-y
Google Scholar
NAGY‐REIS M., DICKIE M., CALVERT A. M., HEBBLEWHITE M., HERVIEUX D., SEIP D. R., ... SERROUYA R., 2021, Habitat loss accelerates for the endangered woodland caribou in western Canada, Conservation Science and Practice, 3(2): e437.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.437
Google Scholar
NATHANIEL S. P., 2021, Biocapacity, human capital, and ecological footprint in G7 countries: the moderating role of urbanization and necessary lessons for emerging economies, Energy, Ecology and Environment, 6(5): 435-450.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-020-00197-9
Google Scholar
NEGRET P. J., MARON M., FULLER R. A., POSSINGHAM H. P., WATSON J. E., SIMMONDS J. S., 2021, De-forestation and bird habitat loss in Colombia, Biological Conservation, 257: 109044.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109044
Google Scholar
NGWIRA S., WATANABE T., 2019, An analysis of the causes of deforestation in Malawi: a case of Mwa-zisi, Land, 8(3): 48, https://doi.org/10.3390/land8030048.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/land8030048
Google Scholar
NICCOLUCCI V., COSCIEME L., MARCHETTINI N., 2021, Benefit transfer and the economic value of Biocapacity: Introducing the ecosystem service Yield factor, Ecosystem Services, 48: 101256.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2021.101256
Google Scholar
OMOKE P. C., NWANI C., EFFIONG E. L., EVBUOMWAN O. O., EMENEKWE C. C., 2020, The impact of financial development on carbon, non-carbon, and total ecological footprint in Nigeria: new evidence from asymmetric dynamic analysis, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(17): 21628-21646.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08382-3
Google Scholar
OZCAN B., BOZOKLU S., 2021, Dynamics of ecological balance in OECD countries: Sustainable or unsustaina-ble?, Sustainable Production and Consumption, 26: 638-647.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.12.014
Google Scholar
PATA U. K., 2021, Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, economic complexity, CO 2 emissions, and ecological footprint in the USA: testing the EKC hypothesis with a structural break, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(1): 846-861.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10446-3
Google Scholar
PICHLER M., BHAN M., GINGRICH S., 2021, The social and ecological costs of reforestation. Territorialization and industrialization of land use accompany forest transitions in Southeast Asia, Land Use Policy, 101: 105180.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105180
Google Scholar
PRÖBSTL F., PAULSCH A., ZEDDA L., NÖSKE N., SANTOS E. M. C., ZINNGREBE Y., 2023, Biodiversity policy integration in five policy sectors in Germany: How can we transform governance to make implementation work?, Earth System Governance, 16: 100175.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esg.2023.100175
Google Scholar
RAIHAN A., 2023, The dynamic nexus between economic growth, renewable energy use, urbanization, industrialization, tourism, agricultural productivity, forest area, and carbon dioxide emissions in the Philippines, Energy Nexus, 9: 100180.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2023.100180
Google Scholar
RAINFOREST ALLIANCE, 2017, Protecting Wildlife by Conserving Habitat, https://www.rainforest-alliance.org/insights/protecting-wildilfe-by-conserving-habitat/ (accessed 1.01.2022).
Google Scholar
RASTANDEH A., JARCHOW M., 2021, Urbanization and biodiversity loss in the post-COVID-19 era: complex chal-lenges and possible solutions, Cities & health, 5(sup1): S37-S40.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2020.1788322
Google Scholar
SALMAN M., ZHA D., WANG G., 2022, Interplay between urbanization and ecological footprints: Differential roles of indigenous and foreign innovations in ASEAN-4, Environmental Science & Policy, 127: 161-180.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2021.10.016
Google Scholar
SGANZERLA C., DALZOCHIO M. S., PRASS G. D. S., PÉRICO E., 2021, Effects of urbanization on the fauna of Odonata on the coast of southern Brazil, Biota Neotropica, 21(1): e20201122, https://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2020-1122.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2020-1122
Google Scholar
SOHAG K., GAINETDINOVA A., MARIEV O., 2023, Economic growth, institutional quality and deforestation: Evi-dence from Russia, Forest Policy and Economics, 150: 102949.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2023.102949
Google Scholar
SOLANO F., PRATICÒ S., PIOVESAN G., CHIARUCCI A., ARGENTIERI A., MODICA G., 2021, Characterizing historical transformation trajectories of the forest landscape in Rome's metropolitan area (Italy) for effective planning of sustainability goals, Land Degradation & Development, 32(16): 4708-4726.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.4072
Google Scholar
ŠOROVIĆ M., 2022, Montenegro and World: Climate Change and Biodiversity Conservation, Climate Change in the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern Region. Climate Change Management, eds. Leal Filho W., Manolas E., Springer, Cham, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78566-6_7.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78566-6_7
Google Scholar
SUN Y., DING W., YANG Z., YANG G., DU J., 2020, Measuring China's regional inclusive green growth, Science of the total environment, 713: 136367.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136367
Google Scholar
TAMBURINO L., BRAVO G., 2021, Reconciling a positive ecological balance with human development: A quantitative assessment, Ecological Indicators, 129: 107973.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107973
Google Scholar
THE NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION 2021, Endangered Species, https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Understanding-Conservation/Endangered-Species (accessed 1.01.2022).
Google Scholar
TSIANTIKOUDIS S., ZAFEIRIOU E., KYRIAKOPOULOS G., ARABATZIS G., 2019, Revising the environmental Kuznets Curve for deforestation: an empirical study for Bulgaria, Sustainability, 11(16): 4364,
Google Scholar
https://doi.org/10.3390/su11164364.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11164364
Google Scholar
UNITED NATIONS 2021, Sustainable development goal 15: Life on Land. United Nations, https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/biodiversity/ (accessed 1.01.2022).
Google Scholar
VERGARA D. G., COLADILLA J., ALCANTARA E., MAPACPAC J. C., LEYTE J. E., PADILLA C., ...SIAGIAN D. R., 2019, Conservation under regional industrialization: fragmentation and cover change in a forest reserve, Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 22(1), 36-53.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47125/jesam/2019_1/04
Google Scholar
WANG W. T., GUO W. Y., JARVIE S., SERRA-DIAZ J. M., SVENNING J. C., 2022, Anthropogenic climate change increases vulnerability of Magnolia species more in Asia than in the Americas, Biological Conservation, 265: 109425.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109425
Google Scholar
WORLD BANK 2021, World development indicators, World Bank, Washington D.C.
Google Scholar
WWF 2020, What is Biocapacity? World Wide Fund for Nature, https://wwf.panda.org/discover/knowledge_hub/all_publications/living_planet_report_timeline/lpr_2012/demands_on_our_planet/biocapacity/ (1.01.2022).
Google Scholar
XU X., XIE Y., QI K., LUO Z., WANG X., 2018, Detecting the response of bird communities and biodiversity to habitat loss and fragmentation due to urbanization, Science of the total environment, 624: 1561-1576.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.143
Google Scholar
YUE S., MUNIR I. U., HYDER S., NASSANI A. A., ABRO M. M. Q., ZAMAN K., 2020, Sustainable food produc-tion, forest biodiversity and mineral pricing: Interconnected global issues, Resources Policy: 65, 101583.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101583
Google Scholar
ZAMAN K., 2022, Environmental cost of deforestation in Brazil’s Amazon Rainforest: Controlling biocapacity deficit and renewable wastes for conserving forest resources, Forest Ecology and Management, 504: 119854.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119854
Google Scholar
ZAMAN K., 2023a, Navigating the Perils of a Banana Republic: Lessons from Pakistan's Economic Crisis, Politica, 1(1): 33-41, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7715198.
Google Scholar
ZAMAN K., 2023b, A Note on Cross-Panel Data Techniques, Latest Developments in Econometrics, 1(1), 1-7: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7565625.
Google Scholar
ZAMBRANO-MONSERRATE M. A., CARVAJAL-LARA C., URGILÉS-SANCHEZ R., RUANO M. A., 2018, Deforestation as an indicator of environmental degradation: Analysis of five European countries, Ecological Indicators, 90: 1-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.02.049
Google Scholar
ZEHRA A., MEENA M., JADHAV D. M., SWAPNIL P., 2023, Regulatory Mechanisms for the Conservation of Endangered Plant Species, Chlorophytum tuberosum – Potential Medicinal Plant Species, Sustainability, 15(8): 6406.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086406
Google Scholar
Authors
Rima H. BinsaeedKing Saud University, College of Business Administration, Department of Management, Riyadh Saudi Arabia
Authors
Abdelmohsen A. NassaniKing Saud University, College of Business Administration, Department of Management, Riyadh Saudi Arabia
Authors
Khalid Zamankhalid_zaman786@yahoo.com
The University of Haripur, Department of Economics, Haripur Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
Authors
Zeeshan ArshadUniversidade de Aveiro, Department of Environment and Planning, CESAM /Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro Portugal
Authors
Mohamed HaffarUniversity of Birmingham, Birmingham Business School, Department of Management, Birmingham United Kingdom
Authors
Dadang Yunus LutfiansyahUniversitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Department of Community Education, Kota Bandung Indonesia
Authors
Kamalularifin SubariUniversiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Faculty of Social Sciences & Humanities, Johor Malaysia
Authors
Hailan SalamunMalaysia Terengganu (UMT), Centre for Fundamental and Continuing Studies (PPAL), Department of Nationhood and Civilization, Terengganu Malaysia
Statistics
Abstract views: 223PDF downloads: 404