Optical properties of opaque and light-transmitting photovoltaic systems in architecture and their influence on architectural form

Energy-harvesting systems installed on facades have an immense influence on the perception of architecture. Technologies at various stages of advancement are currently used. Apparent (clearly visible) PV elements (e.g. old-generation applied solar panels) are being replaced by technologies that integrate those systems into the building’s envelope using miniaturization, lamination and surface mounting (e.g. BIPV). In the current application of PV, three distinct trends ca be observed: (i) the integration of energy-collecting elements into the shell and (ii) their deliberate display and use as, for example, shading, cladding or other forms of decoration, or (iii) the development of “invisible” PV systems. The research question is how the development of these systems affects architecture. Does the process of integration enrich the building’s architectural expression or negatively affect the perception of the building’s transparent surfaces?