From Monofunctional Commercial Districts into Multifunctional Urban Areas – Implementation of Sustainable Urban Practices
Barbara Miączyńska
Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography, Warsaw University of Technology (Poland)
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0664-2346
Andrzej Borkowski
andrzejszymonborkowski@gmail.comFaculty of Geodesy and Cartography, Warsaw University of Technology (Poland)
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7013-670X
Abstract
Rapid urbanization and population growth require new human-oriented adaptations in cities. Functional zoning, largely applied in the past century, has left current urban development with many difficulties, including space consumption and car dependency. The article examines a specific type of monofunctional land use – commercial areas, as they struggle the most with past planning mistakes. These spatially separated sites demand instant transformations in order to meet global urban challenges. With background information on the development process of commercial land uses and a literature review of existing sustainable approaches, the theoretical framework is created, with respect to economic, environmental, and social fields. Subsequently, the toolbox of good urban practices is being formed as a template for sustainable urban design followed by a discussion of potential implementation methods.
Keywords:
commercial land use, monofunctional district, sustainable urban development, human-oriented approachReferences
Angiello, G. (2021) Toward greener and pandemic-proof cities: North American cities policy responses to Covid-19 outbreak, TeMA – Journal of Land Use, Mobility, and Environment, 14(1), pp. 105−111.
Google Scholar
Bauer, W., Lentes, J. (2014) Wettbewerbsfähigkeit produzieren durch Urbane Produktion. Industrie Management, 30(4), pp. 7−10.
Google Scholar
BBSR: Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung (2017) Lyon Viertel – Transformation eines Monofunktionalen Bürogebiets. BBSR-Online-Publikation, Research Report ISSN 1868-0097, Bonn, Germany.
Google Scholar
BBSR: Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung (2019) Nachhaltige Weiterentwicklung von Gewerbegebieten, ExWoSt-Informationen, 49(4), pp. 1−44.
Google Scholar
BMZ: Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (2022) Cities and Climate, Climate Change and Development. Accessed: October 2022, https://www.bmz.de/en/issues/climate-change-and-development/cities-and-climate.
Google Scholar
Boland, B., De Smet, A., Palter, R., & Sanghvi, A. (2020) Reimagining the office and work life after COVID-19. McKinsey & Company. Accessed: October 2022, https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/people-and-organizational-performance/our-insights/reimagining-the-office-and-work-life-after-covid-19.
Google Scholar
City Planning and Development Department (2017) Transit-Oriented Development Policy. Kansas City, Missouri.
Google Scholar
CMS: Christoph Merian Stiftung (2015) Entwicklungsperspektiven für den Dreispitz. Research Report Nissen Wentzlaff Architekten, Dreispitz-Info Nr. 1, pp. 1−2.
Google Scholar
Cuadra, M. (2002) RheinMain Regionale: der Ballungsraum Frankfurt auf dem Weg zum Kulturraum, Junius Verlag, Hamburg. In: Peterek, M. & Bürklin, T. (2014) Potentials and Challenges of Polycentric City-Regions: A Case Study of Frankfurt Rhine-Main. Technical Transactions, 111(1-A), pp. 179−189.
Google Scholar
Cuthbert, A. R. (2007) Urban design: requiem for an era–review and critique of the last 50 years. Urban Design International, 12, pp. 177−223.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.udi.9000200
Google Scholar
De Castro Mazarro, A., George Kaliaden, R., Wende, W., & Egermann, M. (2023) Beyond urban ecomodernism: How can degrowth-aligned spatial practices enhance urban sustainability transformations. Urban Studies, https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980221148107.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980221148107
Google Scholar
Feldtkeller, A. (2006) Die Stadt der kurzen Wege: Eine Mosaik unterschiedlicher Lebensqualitäten. In: Roost, F., Baur, C., Bentlin, F., Jeckel, E., Höfler, J., Hüttenhain, B., Kübler, A.I., Million, A. and Werrer, S. (2021) Vom Gewerbegebiet zum Produktiven Stadtquartier: Dienstleistungs- und Industriestandorte als Labore und Impulsgeber für Nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung. BBSR-Online-Publikation, Research Report ISSN 1868-0097, Bonn, Germany.
Google Scholar
Filion, P., & Kramer, A. (2012) Transformative Metropolitan Development Models in Large Canadian Urban Areas: The Predominance of Nodes. Urban Studies, 49(10), pp. 2237−2264.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098011423565
Google Scholar
Gehl – Making Cities for People (2013) Envisioning The Streets of East Midtown Manhattan. Accessed: October 2022, https://gehlpeople.com/projects/new-york-east-midtown/
Google Scholar
Gehl – Making Cities for People (2019) Reducing Air Pollution Through Urban Design. Accessed: October 2022, https://gehlpeople.com/projects/air-quality-copenhagen/.
Google Scholar
Gehl, J., & Rogers, L. R. (2010) Cities for People, Island Press, Washington, DC, pp. 61−213.
Google Scholar
Günther, C. (2021) Barrier-free planning. Paper presented at Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences seminars, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Google Scholar
Häußermann, H., Läpple, D. and Siebel, W. (2008) Stadtpolitik. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main. In: Roost, F., Baur, C., Bentlin, F., Jeckel, E., Höfler, J., Hüttenhain, B., Kübler, A. I., Million, A. and Werrer, S. (2021) Vom Gewerbegebiet zum Produktiven Stadtquartier: Dienstleistungs- und Industriestandorte als Labore und Impulsgeber für Nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung. BBSR-Online-Publikation, Research Report ISSN 1868-0097, Bonn, Germany.
Google Scholar
Hodson, M. and Marvin, S. (2009) Urban Ecological Security: A New Urban Paradigm? International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 33, pp. 193−215.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2009.00832.x
Google Scholar
Hüttenhain, B. & Mayer-Dukart, A. (2010) Arbeite sowie Arbeitsorte in der Stadt. Städtebau-Institut, Stuttgart. In: Roost, F., Baur, C., Bentlin, F., Jeckel, E., Höfler, J., Hüttenhain, B., Kübler, A. I., Million, A. and Werrer, S. (2021) Vom Gewerbegebiet zum Produktiven Stadtquartier: Dienstleistungs- und Industriestandorte als Labore und Impulsgeber für Nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung. BBSR-Online-Publikation, Research Report ISSN 1868-0097, Bonn, Germany.
Google Scholar
Jacobs, J. (1961) The Death and Life of Great American Cities. In: Jacobs, J. (eds.), The uses of sidewalks: safety. New York: Random House, pp. 29−54.
Google Scholar
Kenworthy, J. R. (2016) The Eco-City: Ten Key Transport and Planning Dimensions for Sustainable City Development. SAGE Journals, 18(1), pp. 67−85.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247806063947
Google Scholar
Kenworthy, J. R. (2021a) A Transport and Urban Form History of Cities: Walking, Public Transport and Automobile Cities in a Global Perspective. Paper presented at Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences seminars, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Google Scholar
Kenworthy, J. R. (2021b) Urban Transport and Mobility in Developed and Rapidly Motorising Cities: Some Reasons for Hope Amidst the Gloom. Paper presented at Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences seminars, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Google Scholar
Kocki, W., & Kwiatkowski, B. (2016). Complexity of city structure in reference to Barcelona. Teka Komisji Architektury, Urbanistyki I Studiów Krajobrazowych, 12(1), pp. 59−64. https://doi.org/10.35784/teka.725.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35784/teka.725
Google Scholar
Kuder, T. (2001) Städtebauliche Leitbilder – Begriff, Inhalt, Funktion und Entwicklung, gezeigt am Beispiel der Funktionstrennung und -mischung. BEng Thesis, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Google Scholar
Law, L., Azzali, S., & Conejos, S. (2021) Planning for the temporary: temporary urbanism and public space in a time of COVID-19. Town Planning Review, 92(1), pp. 65−73.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.2020.48
Google Scholar
Litman, T. and Colman, S.B. (2001) Generated traffic: Implications for transport planning. ITE journal, 71(4), pp. 38−46.
Google Scholar
Martin, C. J., Evans, J., & Karvonen, A. (2018) Smart and sustainable? Five tensions in the visions and practices of the smart-sustainable city in Europe and North America. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 133, pp. 269−278.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.01.005
Google Scholar
Marshall, S. (2012) Science, pseudo-science and urban design. Urban Design International, 17, pp. 257−271.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/udi.2012.22
Google Scholar
Münchner Kreis and Bertelsmann Stiftung (2020) Leben, Arbeit, Bildung 2035+. Zukunftsstudie Münchner Kreis, Research Report Band VII, pp. 1−168.
Google Scholar
Peterek, M. (2010) Five Principles for Successful Urban District Development – Recent Examples from Germany. Gobierno de Chile, Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo, Santiago de Chile, pp. 112−129.
Google Scholar
Peterek, M. (2021a) From Post-War Reconstruction to Post-Modernism. Paper presented at Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences seminars, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Google Scholar
Peterek, M. (2021b) Principles and Concepts for Sustainable Urban Planning, Paper presented at Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences seminars, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Google Scholar
Roost, F. (2015) Refitting Edge Cities – Suburbane Dienstleistungsstandorte in Deutschland und den USA im Wandel. In: Jessen, J. Roost, F. (2015) Refitting Suburbia. Erneuerung der Stadt des 20. Jahrhunderts in Deutschland und den USA, Berlin, pp. 75−93.
Google Scholar
Roost, F., Baur, C., Bentlin, F., Jeckel, E., Höfler, J., Hüttenhain, B., Kübler, A. I., Million, A. and Werrer, S. (2021) Vom Gewerbegebiet zum Produktiven Stadtquartier: Dienstleistungs- und Industriestandorte als Labore und Impulsgeber für Nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung. BBSR-Online-Publikation, Research Report ISSN 1868-0097, Bonn, Germany.
Google Scholar
Rowe, K. (2013) Bikenomics: Measuring the Economic Impact of Bicycle Facilities on Neighborhood Business Districts. Research Report at University of Washington, USA.
Google Scholar
Schröteler-von Brandt, H. (2014) Stadtbau- und Stadtplanungsgeschichte: Eine Einführung, Springer Vieweg, Wiesbaden. In: Roost, F., Baur, C., Bentlin, F., Jeckel, E., Höfler, J., Hüttenhain, B., Kübler, A. I., Million, A. and Werrer, S. (2021) Vom Gewerbegebiet zum Produktiven Stadtquartier: Dienstleistungs- und Industriestandorte als Labore und Impulsgeber für Nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung. BBSR-Online-Publikation, Research Report ISSN 1868-0097, Bonn, Germany.
Google Scholar
Sharifi, E., & Boland, J. (2018) Limits of thermal adaptation in cities: outdoor heat-activity dynamics in Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide. Architectural Science Review, 61(4), pp. 191−201.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2018.1482824
Google Scholar
Siedentop, S. (2008) Die Rückkehr der Städte? Zur Plausibilität der Reurbanisierungshypothese. Informationen zur Raumentwicklung, 3(4), pp. 193−210.
Google Scholar
Spath, D. (2012) Urbane Produktion. In: Weinert K., Beckmann, K. J., Encarnação J., Herzog, O., Höcker, H., Kuhn, A., Mühlhäuser, M., Schober, O., Spath, D., Thoma, K. (2014) Stadt der Zukunft – Strategieelemente einer nachhaltigen Stadtentwicklung. Acatech – Deutsche Akademie der Technikwissenschaften, München, pp. 61−71.
Google Scholar
Svarre, B. B., & Müller, L. (2019) Invitation to Stay in Bern. Gehl – Making Cities for People, Accessed: October 2022, https://gehlpeople.com/blog/an-invitation-to-stay-in-bern/.
Google Scholar
Szumigała, P. P., Urbański, P., Tomczak, P., Walerzak, M., Sosnowska, S., & Szumigała, K. O. (2021). The idea of sustainable development in the landscape contemporary cities. Teka Komisji Architektury, Urbanistyki I Studiów Krajobrazowych, 17(3), pp. 34−54. https://doi.org/10.35784/teka.2830.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35784/teka.2830
Google Scholar
Thuy, P. (1994) Strukturwandel, Qualifikation Und Beschäftigung: Eine Ökonomische Analyse Unter Besonderer Berücksichtigung Des Tertiären Sektors. Sozioökonomische Forschungen, Haupt Verlag, Bern. In: Roost, F., Baur, C., Bentlin, F., Jeckel, E., Höfler, J., Hüttenhain, B., Kübler, A. I., Million, A. and Werrer, S. (2021) Vom Gewerbegebiet zum Produktiven Stadtquartier: Dienstleistungs- und Industriestandorte als Labore und Impulsgeber für Nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung. BBSR-Online-Publikation, Research Report ISSN 1868-0097, Bonn, Germany.
Google Scholar
United Nations (2019) World urbanization prospects 2018: Highlights. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Research Report ISBN: 978-92-1-148318-5, New York, USA.
Google Scholar
World Health Organization and European Comission (2017) Towards More Physical Activity in Cities: Transforming public spaces to promote physical activity. WHO Regional Office, Research Report number WHO/EURO:2017-3305-43064-60272, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Google Scholar
Yucelen S. (2020) Compare and contrast in Social Structure, Urban Form and Urban Function for Pre-Industrial Cities and Industrial Cities. Undergraduate Thesis, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, England.
Google Scholar
Authors
Barbara MiączyńskaFaculty of Geodesy and Cartography, Warsaw University of Technology Poland
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0664-2346
Authors
Andrzej Borkowskiandrzejszymonborkowski@gmail.com
Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography, Warsaw University of Technology Poland
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7013-670X
Statistics
Abstract views: 140PDF downloads: 96
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.