Contribution of solvents from road marking paints to tropospheric ozone formation
Tomasz E. Burghardt
tomasz.burghardt@swarco.comM. Swarovski GmbH (Austria)
Anton Pashkevich
Cracow University of Technology (Poland)
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4066-5440
Lidia Żakowska
Cracow University of Technology (Poland)
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7806-3886
Abstract
Solventborne road marking paints are meaningful sources of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), which under solar irradiation affect formation of tropospheric ozone, a signif cant pulmonary irritant and a key pollutant responsible for smog formation. Influence of particular VOCs on ground-level ozone formation potential, quantified in Maximum Incremental Reactivities (MIR), were used to calculate potential contribution of solvents from road marking paints used in Poland to tropospheric ozone formation. Based on 2014 data, limited only to roads administered by General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways (GDDKiA), emissions of VOCs from road marking paints in Poland were about 494 838 kg, which could lead to production of up to 1 003 187 kg of ropospheric ozone. If aromatic-free solventborne paints based on ester solvents, such as are commonly used in Western Europe, were utilised, VOC emissions would not be lowered, but potentially formed ground-level ozone could be limited by 50-70%. Much better choice from the perspective of environmental protection would be the use of waterborne road marking paints like those mandated in Scandinavia – elimination of up to 82% of the emitted VOCs and up to 95% of the potentially formed tropospheric ozone could be achieved.
Keywords:
road marking, waterborne paint, solventborne paint, tropospheric ozone, VOC, road safety, MIR, environmental protectionReferences
Babić D., Burghardt TE., Babić D. Application and Characteristics of Waterborne Road Marking Paint. International Journal for Traffic and Transport Engineering 5 (2015) 150 169.
Google Scholar
Burghardt TE., Pashkevich A., Żakowska L. Influence of Volatile Organic Compounds Emissions from Road Marking Paints on Ground-Level Ozone Formation. Case Study of Kraków, Poland. Transportation Research Procedia (2016) in pr-ss.
Google Scholar
Clinnin DD., Heiber WG., Lewarchik RJ. Fast dry waterborne traffic marking paint. United States Patent 5,340,870.
Google Scholar
Reck E., Richards M. Titanium dioxide – Manufacture, environment, and life cycle analysis: The tioxide experience. Surface Coatings International 80 (1997) 568-572.
Google Scholar
Kheradmand H. Life Cycle Assessment. Road Marking Technologies Eco-Profile. Intertraffic, Amsterdam, 2012.
Google Scholar
Hansen CM. The three dimensional solubility parameter and solvent diffusion coefficient. Copenhagen, Denmark: Danish Technical Press (1967).
Google Scholar
IBDiM (Instytut Badawczy Dróg i Mostów / Road and Bridge Research Institute). Warunki Techniczne. Poziome znakowanie dróg. POD-2006. Seria „I” – Informacje, Instrukcje. Warszawa, 2007.
Google Scholar
McMichael AJ. Carcinogenicity of benzene, toluene and xylene: epidemiological and experimental evidence. IARC Scientific Publication 85 (1988) 3-18.
Google Scholar
Szpakowska-Kozikowska E., Mniszek W. Exposure assessment of workers during road surface marking. Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Zarządzania Ochroną Pracy w Katowicach 1 (2014) 32-40.
Google Scholar
Per United States Code of Federal Regulations, Chapter 40, §51.100(s).
Google Scholar
Grosges T. Retro-reflection of glass beads for traffic road stripe paints. Optical Materials 30 (2008) 1549-1554.
Google Scholar
Carnaby B. Poor road markings contribute to crash rates. Australasian Road Safety Research Policing Education Conference. Wellington, New Zealand, 2005.
Google Scholar
Horberry T., Anderson J., Regan MA. The possible safety benefits of enhanced road markings: a driving simulator evaluation. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 9 (2006) 77-87.
Google Scholar
Bahar G., Masliah M., Erwin T., Tan E., Hauer E. Pavement Marking Materials and Markers: Real-World Relationship Between Retroreflectivity and Safety Over Time. Contractor’s Final Report for NCHRP Project 17-28 (2006).
Google Scholar
Easa SM., Reed MJ., Russo F., Dabbour E., Mehmood A., Curtis K. Effect of increasing road light luminance on night driving performance of older adults. International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 6 (2010) 41-48.
Google Scholar
Żakowska L. Dynamic Road View Research for Road Safety and Aesthetics Evaluation. Journal for Geometry and Graphics 1 (1997) 51-57.
Google Scholar
Żakowska L. The effect of environmental and design parameters on subjective road safety – a case study in Poland. Safety Science 19 (1995) 227-234.
Google Scholar
Chameides W., Walker JC. A photochemical theory of tropospheric ozone. Journal of Geophysical Research 78 (1973) 8751-8760.
Google Scholar
Lippmann, M. Health effects of tropospheric ozone. Environmental Science and Technology 25 (1991) 1954-1962.
Google Scholar
OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development). OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050: The Consequences of Inaction: The Key Findings on Health and Environment. Paris, 2012, http://www.oecd.org/environment/outlookto2050. Accessed 22.09.2015.
Google Scholar
Godzik B. Ground level ozone concentrations in the Krakow region, southern Poland. Environmental Pollution 98 (1997) 273-280.
Google Scholar
Leighton P. Photochemistry of air pollution. Academic Press, 1961, ISBN: 978-0124422506.
Google Scholar
Crutzen PJ. Photochemical reactions initiated by and influencing ozone in unpolluted tropospheric air. Tellus 26 (1974) 47-57.
Google Scholar
Carter WPL., Atkinson R. An experimental study of incremental hydrocarbon reactivity. Environmental Science and Technology 21 (1987) 670-679.
Google Scholar
Carter WPL. Development of Ozone Reactivity Scales for Volatile Organic Compounds. Journal of Air and Waste Management Association 44 (1994) 881-899.
Google Scholar
Martien PT., Harley RA., Milford JB., Russell AG. Evaluation of Incremental Reactivity and Its Uncertainty in Southern California. Environmental Science and Technology 37 (2003) 1598–1608.
Google Scholar
Ryerson TB., et al. Effect of petrochemical industrial emissions of reactive alkenes and NOx on tropospheric ozone formation in Houston, Texas. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984–2012) 108 (2003) D8-1 – D8-24.
Google Scholar
Carter WPL. Updated Maximum Incremental Reactivity Scale and Hydrocarbon Bin Reactivities for Regulatory Applications. California Air Resources Board Contract 07-339 (2009).
Google Scholar
GDDKiA (Generalna Dyrekcja Dróg Krajowych i Autostrad / General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways), Warszawa. Authors’ query through Public Information Bulletin, 2015.
Google Scholar
Klösch H., Rairoux P., Weidauer D., Wolf J., Wöste L. Analysis of the tropospheric ozone dynamics by Lidar. Journal de Physique IV C4 (1994) 643-646.
Google Scholar
Burghardt TE. Emissions aware. Intertraffic World (2016) 48.
Google Scholar
Tebert C., Volz S., Müller W., Theloke J. Review of directive 2004/42/EC. Ökopol GmbH, Institute for Environmental Strategies, Hamburg, 2011.
Google Scholar
Authors
Anton PashkevichCracow University of Technology Poland
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4066-5440
Statistics
Abstract views: 381PDF downloads: 182
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Budownictwo i Architektura supports the open science program. The journal enables Open Access to their publications. Everyone can view, download and forward articles, provided that the terms of the license are respected.
Publishing of articles is possible after submitting a signed statement on the transfer of a license to the Journal.
