Efficiency comparison of mixture formulations in the stabilisation/solidification of the loess silt contaminated with zinc in terms of mechanical properties
Agnieszka Lal
a.lal@pollub.plDepartment of Building Materials Engineering and Geoengineering; Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture; Lublin University of Technology (Poland)
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3557-6064
Joanna Fronczyk
Department of Revitalization and Architecture; Institute of Civil Engineering; Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW (Poland)
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5963-7813
Małgorzata Franus
Department of General Construction; Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture; University of Lublin University Technology (Poland)
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2317-4196
Abstract
The effectiveness of various types of binders in stabilizing/solidifying (S/S) contaminated soils is strongly dependent on the type of soil and contaminants present. The literature abounds with studies of stabilisation/solidification of clayey soils, which provides a background for initial assumptions in design of the method application for contamination of this type of soil. However, studies on the stabilisation/solidification of loess silt contaminated with heavy metals are not available. Filling this deficiency is important in order to ensure the rapid adoption of the most effective remedies in case of contamination and their immediate implementation in the subsoil. This paper has enabled the determination of the most effective mixture among the examined for the remediation of loess silt contaminated with zinc in terms of compressive strength. Strengths were determined with the implementation of 30% Portland cement (2.63 MPa), 30% of fly ash-cement mixture (2.21 MPa), an incinerated sewage sludge ash-cement mixture (0.93 MPa) and mixtures in which cement was replaced by an MgO activator (0.18 MPa for fly ash and 0.63 MPa for incinerated sewage sludge ash). In addition, the determination of strength was carried out for samples containing a mixture of fly ash, activator and cement (0.26 MPa) and incinerated sewage sludge ash, activator and cement (0.26 MPa), with weight ratios of 5:4:1 respectively. In summary, fly ash and cement in a 2:1 ratio can be considered the most effective binding mix in terms of unconfined compressive strength increase.
Supporting Agencies
Keywords:
loess silt, alternative binder, activator, unconfined compressive strengthReferences
Jin F. et al., “Three-year performance of in-situ solidified/stabilised soil using novel MgO-bearing binders,” Chemosphere, vol. 144, (Feb. 2016), pp. 681–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.046
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.046
Google Scholar
Voglar G. E. and Leštan D., “Efficiency modeling of solidification/stabilization of multi-metal contaminated industrial soil using cement and additives,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 192, no. 2, (Aug. 2011), pp. 753–762. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2011.05.089
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.05.089
Google Scholar
Scanferla P. et al., “An innovative stabilization/solidification treatment for contaminated soil remediation: Demonstration project results,” Journal of Soils and Sediments, vol. 9, no. 3, (2009), pp. 229–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-009-0067-z
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-009-0067-z
Google Scholar
Palansooriya K. N. et al., “Soil amendments for immobilization of potentially toxic elements in contaminated soils: A critical review,” Environment International, vol. 134, no. June 2019, (2020), p. 105046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105046
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105046
Google Scholar
Janiszewska S. et al., “Przegląd metod oczyszczania gruntów i wód gruntowych in-situ,” Przeglad Geologiczny, vol. 65, no. 10, (2017), pp. 908–915.
Google Scholar
Alzhanova G. Z. et al., “Development of Environmentally Clean Construction Materials Using Industrial Waste,” Materials, vol. 15(16), 2022, p. 5726. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15165726
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15165726
Google Scholar
Navarro A. et al., “Immobilization of Cu, Pb and Zn in mine-contaminated soils using reactive materials,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 186, no. 2–3, 2011, pp. 1576–1585. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2010.12.039
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.12.039
Google Scholar
Saadeldin R. and Siddiqua S., “Geotechnical characterization of a clay–cement mix,” Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, vol.72, 2013, pp. 601–608. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-013-0531-2
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-013-0531-2
Google Scholar
Sun Y. et al., “The Effects of Portland and Sulphoaluminate Cements Solidification/ Stabilization on Semi-Dynamic Leaching of Heavy Metal from Contaminated Sediment,” Sustainability, vol. 14, 2022, 5681. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095681.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095681
Google Scholar
Means J. et al., Application of Solidification and Stabilization to Waste Materials. CRC-Press, 1995.
Google Scholar
Bone B. D. et al., "Review of scientific literature on the use of stabilisation / solidification for the treatment of contaminated soil , solid waste and sludges", CLaIRE Guidance Bulletin Gualdlince, no. 1, January 2004, pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.1055.6163
Google Scholar
Guo B. et al., “The mechanisms of heavy metal immobilization by cementitious material treatments and thermal treatments : A review,” Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 193, 2017, pp. 410–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.02.026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.02.026
Google Scholar
Sharma H. D. and Reddy K. R., “Geoenvironmental Engineering: Site Remediation, Waste Containment, and Emerging Waste Management Technologies,” Environment International, vol. 35, 2004, pp. 50–55.
Google Scholar
Batchelor B., “Overview of waste stabilization with cement,” Waste Management, vol. 26, no. 7, 2006, pp. 689–698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2006.01.020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2006.01.020
Google Scholar
Roy A. et al., “Solidification/stabilization of a heavy metal sludge by a Portland cement/fly ash binding mixture,” Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Materials, vol. 8, no. 1, 1991, pp. 33–41. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1089/hwm.1991.8.33
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/hwm.1991.8.33
Google Scholar
Lin S. L. et al., “Stabilization and solidification of lead in contaminated soils,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 48, no. 1–3, Jun. 1996, pp. 95–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(95)00143-3
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(95)00143-3
Google Scholar
Sanchez F. et al., “Leaching of inorganic contaminants from cement-based waste materials as a result of carbonation during intermittent wetting,” Waste Management, vol. 22, no. 2, Jan. 2002, pp. 249–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-053X(01)00076-9
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-053X(01)00076-9
Google Scholar
Yilmaz O. et al., “Comparison of Two Leaching Tests to Assess the Effectiveness of Cement-Based Hazardous Waste Solidification/Stabilization,” Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, vol. 27(3), 2003, pp. 201-212.
Google Scholar
Shawabkeh R. A., “Solidification and stabilization of cadmium ions in sand–cement–clay mixture,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 125, no. 1–3, Oct. 2005, pp. 237–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2005.05.037
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.05.037
Google Scholar
Moon D. H. et al., “An assessment of Portland cement, cement kiln dust and class C fly ash for the immobilization of Zn in contaminated soils,” Environmental Earth Sciences, vol. 61, no. 8, 2010, pp. 1745–1750. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0596-1
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0596-1
Google Scholar
Voglar G. E. and Leštan D., “Solidification/stabilisation of metals contaminated industrial soil from former Zn smelter in Celje, Slovenia, using cement as a hydraulic binder,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 178, no. 1–3, Jun. 2010, pp. 926–933. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2010.02.026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.02.026
Google Scholar
Kogbara R. B. et al., “Process Envelopes For Stabilised/Solidified Contaminated Soils: initiation work,” in Fifth International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology, Houston, Texas, USA, 2010. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3481.7608
Google Scholar
Kogbara R. B. et al., “PH-dependent leaching behaviour and other performance properties of cement-treated mixed contaminated soil,” Journal of Environmental Sciences (China), vol. 24, no. 9, Sep. 2012, pp. 1630–1638. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(11)60991-1
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(11)60991-1
Google Scholar
Tariq A. and Yanful E. K., “A review of binders used in cemented paste tailings for underground and surface disposal practices,” Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 131, 2013, pp. 138–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.09.039
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.09.039
Google Scholar
Du Y. J. et al., “Effect of acid rain pH on leaching behavior of cement stabilized lead-contaminated soil,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 271, Apr. 2014, pp. 131–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2014.02.002
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.02.002
Google Scholar
Wei M.-L. et al., “Effects of freeze-thaw on characteristics of new KMP binder stabilized Zn- and Pb-contaminated soils,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 22, 2015, pp. 19473–19484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5133-z
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5133-z
Google Scholar
Perera A. and Al-Tabbaa A., “Stabilisation/Solidification Treatment and Remediation,” in Stabilisation/Solidification Treatment and Remediation, 23rd ch., 2005, pp. 181–191. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781439833933.ch23
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781439833933.ch23
Google Scholar
Wang L. et al., “Recycling contaminated wood into eco-friendly particleboard using green cement and carbon dioxide curing,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 137, Nov. 2016, pp. 861–870. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2016.07.180
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.07.180
Google Scholar
Morales L. et al., “Microbiological induced carbonate (CaCO3) precipitation using clay phyllites to replace chemical stabilizers (cement or lime),” Applied Clay Science, vol. 174, 2019, pp. 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2019.03.018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2019.03.018
Google Scholar
Mujah D. et al., “Microstructural and Geomechanical Study on Biocemented Sand for Optimization of MICP Process,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, vol. 31, no. 4, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0002660
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002660
Google Scholar
Scrivener K. L. and Kirkpatrick R. J., “Innovation in use and research on cementitious material,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 38, no. 2, Feb. 2008, pp. 128–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEMCONRES.2007.09.025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.09.025
Google Scholar
Li W. et al., “Comparison of reactive magnesia, quick lime, and ordinary Portland cement for stabilization/solidification of heavy metal-contaminated soils,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 671, 2019, pp. 741–753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.270
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.270
Google Scholar
Kogbara R. B. et al., “Cement–fly ash stabilisation/solidification of contaminated soil: Performance properties and initiation of operating envelopes,” Applied Geochemistry, vol. 33, no. 2013, Jun. 2013, pp. 64–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2013.02.001
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2013.02.001
Google Scholar
Akhter H. et al., “Immobilization of As, Cd, Cr and PB-containing soils by using cement or pozzolanic fixing agents,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 24, no. 2–3, Jan. 1990, pp. 145–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(90)87006-4
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(90)87006-4
Google Scholar
Kong R. et al., “Stabilization of Loess Using Nano-SiO2,” Materials, vol. 11, no. 6, Jun. 2018, p. 1014. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11061014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11061014
Google Scholar
Ma Y. and Chen W., “Study on the Mechanism of Stabilizing Loess with Lime: Analysis of Mineral and Microstructure Evolution,” Advances in Civil Engineering, vol. 2021, May 2021, pp. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6641496
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6641496
Google Scholar
Liu Z. et al., “Feasibility Study of Loess Stabilization with Fly Ash–Based Geopolymer,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, vol. 28, no. 5, (2016), pp. 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0001490
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001490
Google Scholar
Nepelski K. and Lal A., “CPT parameters of loess subsoil in Lublin area,” Applied Sciences, vol. 45, 2021, pp. 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11136020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app11136020
Google Scholar
ASTM, “ASTM, 2006. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 04.08. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphi,” ASTM International, vol. 04, 2000, pp. 1–12.
Google Scholar
Erdem M. and Özverdi A., “Environmental risk assessment and stabilization/solidification of zinc extraction residue: II. Stabilization/solidification,” Hydrometallurgy, vol. 105, no. 3–4, 2011, pp. 270–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2010.10.014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2010.10.014
Google Scholar
Goodarzi A. R. and Movahedrad M., “Stabilization/solidification of zinc-contaminated kaolin clay using ground granulated blast-furnace slag and different types of activators,” Applied Geochemistry, vol. 81, 2017, pp. 155–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2017.04.014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2017.04.014
Google Scholar
Zhou Y. et al., “A combination method to study microbial communities and activities in zinc contaminated soil,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 169, no. 1–3, Sep. 2009, pp. 875–881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.04.027
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.04.027
Google Scholar
Authors
Agnieszka Lala.lal@pollub.pl
Department of Building Materials Engineering and Geoengineering; Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture; Lublin University of Technology Poland
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3557-6064
Authors
Joanna FronczykDepartment of Revitalization and Architecture; Institute of Civil Engineering; Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW Poland
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5963-7813
Authors
Małgorzata FranusDepartment of General Construction; Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture; University of Lublin University Technology Poland
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2317-4196
Statistics
Abstract views: 161PDF downloads: 42
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Budownictwo i Architektura supports the open science program. The journal enables Open Access to their publications. Everyone can view, download and forward articles, provided that the terms of the license are respected.
Publishing of articles is possible after submitting a signed statement on the transfer of a license to the Journal.
