Issues of contemporary wind engineering and aerodynamics of building structures
Tomasz Lipecki
t.lipecki@pollub.plDepartment of Structural Mechanics; Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture; Lublin University of Technology (Poland)
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2867-773X
Paulina Jamińska
Department of Structural Mechanics; Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture; Lublin University of Technology (Poland)
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2205-6526
Abstract
The paper reviews nowadays problems and issues of wind engineering and aerodynamics of building structures. The article mainly focuses on aerodynamics of building structures, shortly characterizing theoretical bases, which one must take into account when assuming wind loads. The three different approaches of collecting information in the field of wind loads are described: in-situ measurements, wind tunnel tests and numerical simulations. Also, a review of the most important contemporary issues of wind engineering is presented.
Keywords:
wind engineering, aerodynamics, wind tunnel, CFD, in-situ measurementsReferences
[1] Afshin M., Sohankar A., Manshadi M.D., Esfeh M.K. An experimental study on the evaluation of natural ventilation performance of a two-sided wind-catcher for various wind angles. Renewable Energy 85 (2016) 1068–1078.
[2] AIJ-RBL-1996. Recommendations for Loads on Buildings. Architecture Institute of Japan, 2004.
[3] Aly A.M. Pressure integration technique for predicting wind-induced response in high-rise buildings. Alexandria Engineering Journal 52 (2013) 717–731.
[4] Aly A.M., Bitsuamlak G.T., Chowdhury A.G. Full-scale aerodynamic testing of a loose concrete roof paver system. Engineering Structures 44 (2012) 260–270.
[5] AS/NZS – Structural design actions – Part 2: Wind actions. Australian/New Zealand Standard.
[6] ASCE. Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures. Revision of ASCE 7-98, Reston, Virginia, USA, 2003.
[7] Baheru T., Chowdhury A.G., Bitsuamlak G., Masters F.J., Tokay A. Simulation of wind-driven rain associated with tropical storms and hurricanes using the 12-fan Wall of Wind. Building and Environment 76 (2014) 18–29.
[8] Bartoli G., Cluni F., Gusella V., Procino L. Dynamics of cable under wind action: Wind tunnel experimental analysis. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 94 (2006) 259–273.
[9] Bashor R., Bobby S., Kijewski-Correa T., Kareem A. Full-scale performance evaluation of tall buildings under wind. Journal of Wind Engineering Industrial Aerodynamics 104–106 (2012) 88–97.
[10] Bęc J., Lipecki T., Błazik-Borowa E. Pomiary drgań aeroelastycznych modeli masztów z odciągami w tunelu aerodynamicznym. Budownictwo i Architektura 12(1) (2013) 211–218.
[11] Bęc J., Lipecki T., Błazik-Borowa E. Research on wind structure in the wind tunnel of Wind Engineering Laboratory of Cracow University of Technology. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 318 (2011) 072003, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/318/7/072003.
[12] Bell J.R., Burton D., Thompson M.C., Herbst A.H., Sheridan J. Flow topology and unsteady features of the wake of a generic high-speed train. Journal of Fluids and Structures61 (2016) 168–183.
[13] Błazik-Borowa E., Bęc J., Nowicki T., Lipecki T., Szulej J. The measurements of parameters for 2-D flow around square and rectangular cylinders at the ground. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, XI(3) (2011) 533–551.
[14] Blocken B. 50 years of Computational Wind Engineering: Past, present and future. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 129 (2014) 69–102.
[15] Blocken B., Stathopoulos T., van Beeck J.P.A.J. Pedestrian-level wind conditions around buildings: Review of wind-tunnel and CFD techniques and their accuracy for wind comfort assessment. Building and Environment 100 (2016) 50–81.
[16] Carpentieri M., Robin A.G. Influence of urban morphology on air flow over building arrays. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 145 (2015) 61–74.
[17] Cermak J.E. Application of fluid mechanics to wind engineering. A Freeman Scholar Lecture. ASME Journal of Fluids Engineering 97(1) (1975) 9–38.
[18] Cluni F., Gusella V., Spence S.M.J., Bartoli G. Wind action on regular and irregular tall buildings: Higher order moment statistical analysis by HFFB and SMPSS measurements. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 99 (2011) 682–690.
[19] CNS – Load code for the design of building structures, China National Standard.
[20] Cochran L.S., Cermak J.E. Full-and model-scale cladding pressures on the Texas Tech University experimental building. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 43(1–3) (1992) 1589–1600.
[21] Dalgliesh W.A. Comparison of model/full-scale wind pressures on a high-rise building. Journal of Industrial Aerodynamics 1 (1975) 55–66.
[22] Dalgliesh W.A., Cooper K.R., Templin J.T. Comparison of model and full-scale accelerations of a high–rise building. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 13 (1983) 217–228.
[23] Davenport A.G. Rationale for determining design wind velocities. ASCE Journal of the Structural Division 86(5) (1960) 39–68.
[24] Davenport A.G. The relationship of wind structure to wind loading. Proc. 1st Conference on Wind Effects on Building and Structures, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, England, 1965, 53–102.
[25] Domínguez D., Gonzalo J., López D. A wind speed profile measurement method based on free bubble tracking in the lower atmosphere. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 34 (2013) 134–141.
[26] Elsharawy M., Galal K., Stathopoulos T. Torsional and shear wind loads on flat-roofed buildings. Engineering Structures 84 (2015) 313–324.
[27] Endo M., Bienkiewicz B., Ham H.J. Wind-tunnel investigation of point pressure on TTU test building. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 94(7) (2006) 553–578.
[28] Eurocode 1: Actions on structures – Part 1-4: General actions – Wind actions. (polish version: PN–EN 1991–1–4). PKN, Warsaw, 2008.
[29] Franke, J., Hellsten, A., Schlünzen, H., Carissimo, B. (Eds.). Best practice guideline for the CFD simulation of flows in the urban environment. COST Office Brussels, 2007.
[30] Franke, J., Hellsten, A., Schlünzen, H., Carissimo, B. The COST 732 best practice guideline for CFD simulation of flows in the urban environment – A summary. International Journal of Environmental Pollution 44(1-4) (2011) 419–427.
[31] Fu J.Y., Wu J.R., Xu A., Li Q.S., Xiao Y.Q. Full-scale measurements of wind effects on Guangzhou West Tower. Engineering Structures 35 (2012) 120–139.
[32] Goliger A.M., Milford R.V. Sensitivity of the CAARC standard building model to geometric scale and turbulence. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 31(1) (1988) 105–123.
[33] Gonzalo J., Domínguez D., López D., Fernández J. Lighter-than-air particle velocimetry for wind speed profile measurement. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 33 (2014) 323–332.
[34] Guo Y.L., Kareem A., Ni Y.Q., Liao W.Y. Performance evaluation of Canton Tower under winds based on full-scale data. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 104–106 (2012) 116–128.
[35] Habte F., Mooneghi M.A, Chowdhury A.G., Irwin P. Full-scale testing to evaluate the performance of standing seam metal roofs under simulated wind loading. Engineering Structures 105(15) (2015) 231–248.
[36] He Y.C., Chan P.W., Li Q.C. Wind characteristics over different terrains. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 120 (2013) 51–69.
[37] Hu G., Tse K.T., Kwok K.C.S., Zhang Y. Large eddy simulation of flow around an inclined finite square cylinder. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 146 (2015) 172–184.
[38] Huang S.H., Li Q.S., Xu S. Numerical evaluation of wind effects on a tall steel building by CFD. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 63 (2007) 612–627.
[39] ISO 4354:2009. Wind actions on structures. ISO, 2009.
[40] Jin Z., Dong Q., Yang Z. A stereoscopic PIV study of the effect of rime ice on the vortex structures in the wake of a wind turbine. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 134 (2014) 139–148.
[41] Kim J.H., Han Y.O. Experimental investigation of wake structure around an external rear view mirror of a passenger car. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 99 (2011) 1197–1206.
[42] Kim W., Tamura Y., Yoshida A. Interference effects on aerodynamic wind forces between two buildings. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 147 (2015) 186–201.
[43] Letchford C.W., Lander D.C., Case P., Dyson A., Amitay M. Bio-mimicry inspired tall buildings: The response of cactus-like buildings to wind action at Reynolds Number of 104. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 150 (2016) 22–30.
[44] Li Q.S., Wu J.R. Time-frequency analysis of typhoon effects on a 79-storey tall building. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 95 (2007) 1648–1666.
[45] Li Q.S., Xiao Y.Q., Wong C.K. Full-scale monitoring of typhoon effects on super tall buildings. Journal of Fluids and Structures 20 (2005) 697–717.
[46] Li Q.S., Xiao Y.Q., Wu J.R., Fu J.Y., Li Z.N. Typhoon effects on super-tall buildings. Journal of Sound and Vibration 313 (2008) 581–602.
[47] Li Q.S., Zhi L., Hu F. Boundary layer wind structure from observations on a 325 m tower. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 98 (2010) 818–832.
[48] Lipecki T. Relationship between wind pressure on surface of rectangular prisms and atmospheric boundary layer parameters. Technical Transactions 12(2–B) (2015) 91–105.
[49] Lipecki T., Jamińska P. Influence of wind structure and aspect ratio of circular cylinders on mean wind pressure coefficient. TASK QUARTERLY 16(3–4) (2012) 203–218.
[50] Melbourne W.H. Comparison of measurements on the CAARC standard tall building model in simulated model wind flows. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 6(1–2) (1980) 73–88.
[51] Oguma Y., Yamagata T., Fujisawa N. Measurement of sound source distribution around a circular cylinder in a uniform flow by combined particle image velocimetry and microphone technique. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 118 (2013) 1–11.
[52] Ozmen Y., Baydar E., van Beeck J.P.A.J. Wind flow over the low-rise building models with gabled roofs having different pitch angles. Building and Environment 95 (2016) 63–74.
[53] Pozzuoli C., Bartoli G., Peil U., Clobes M. Serviceability wind risk assessment of tall buildings including aeroelastic effects. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 123 (2013) 325–338.
[54] Refan M., Hangan H. Characterization of tornado-like flow fields in a new model scale wind testing chamber. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 151 (2016) 107–121.
[55] Refan M., Hangan H., Wurman J. Reproducing tornadoes in laboratory using proper scaling. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 135 (2014) 136–148.
[56] Richards P.J., Hoxey R.P. Pressures on a cubic building: Part 1. Full-scale results. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 102 (2012) 72–86.
[57] Richards P.J., Hoxey R.P. Wind loads on the roof of a 6 m cube. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 96 (2008) 984–993.
[58] Richardson G.M., Hoxey R.P., Robertson A.P., Short J.L. The Silsoe Structures Building: Comparisons of pressures measured at full scale and in two wind tunnels. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 72 (1997) 187–197.
[59] Rizzo F. Wind tunnel tests on hyperbolic paraboloid roofs with elliptical plane shapes. Engineering Structures 45 (2012) 536–558.
[60] Roth M. Review of atmospheric turbulence over cities. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 126 (2000) 941–990.
[61] Šarkić A., Höffer R., Brčić S. Numerical simulations and experimental validations of force coefficients and flutter derivatives of a bridge deck. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 144 (2015) 172–182.
[62] Shiau B.S., Chen B.Y. Observation on wind turbulence characteristics and velocity spectra near the ground at the coastal region. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 90 (2002) 1671–1681.
[63] Tamura Y., Iwatani Y., Hibi K., Suda K., Nakamura O., Maruyama T., Ishibashi R. Profiles of mean wind speeds and vertical turbulence intensities measured at sea shore and two in land sites using Doppler sodars. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 95 (2007) 411–427.
[64] Tamura Y., Suda K., Sasaki A., Miyashita K., Iwatani Y., Maruyama T., Hibi K., Ishibash R. Simultaneous wind measurements over two sites using Doppler sodars. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 89 (2001) 1647–1656.
[65] Tamura, T., Nozawa, K., Kondo, K. AIJ guide for numerical prediction of wind loads on buildings. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 96 (10-11) (2008) 1974–1984.
[66] Taylor Z.J., Gurka R., Kopp G.A. Effects of leading edge geometry on the vortex shedding frequency of an elongated bluff body at high Reynolds numbers. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 128 (2014) 66–75.
[67] Tieleman H.W. Strong wind observations in the atmospheric surface layer. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 96 (2008) 41–77.
[68] Tominaga, Y., Mochida, A., Yoshie, R., Kataoka, H., Nozu, T., Yoshikawa, M., Shirasawa, T. AIJ guidelines for practical applications of CFD to pedestrian wind environment around buildings. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 96(10-11) (2008) 1749–1761.
[69] Yi. J, Li Q.S. Wind tunnel and full-scale study of wind effects on a super-tall building. Journal of Fluids and Structures 58 (2015) 236–253.
[70] Yoshie, R., Mochida, A., Tominaga, Y., Kataoka, H., Harimoto, K., Nozu, T., Shirasawa, T. Cooperative project for CFD prediction of pedestrian wind environment in the Architectural Institute of Japan. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 95(9-11) (2007) 1551–1578.
[2] AIJ-RBL-1996. Recommendations for Loads on Buildings. Architecture Institute of Japan, 2004.
[3] Aly A.M. Pressure integration technique for predicting wind-induced response in high-rise buildings. Alexandria Engineering Journal 52 (2013) 717–731.
[4] Aly A.M., Bitsuamlak G.T., Chowdhury A.G. Full-scale aerodynamic testing of a loose concrete roof paver system. Engineering Structures 44 (2012) 260–270.
[5] AS/NZS – Structural design actions – Part 2: Wind actions. Australian/New Zealand Standard.
[6] ASCE. Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures. Revision of ASCE 7-98, Reston, Virginia, USA, 2003.
[7] Baheru T., Chowdhury A.G., Bitsuamlak G., Masters F.J., Tokay A. Simulation of wind-driven rain associated with tropical storms and hurricanes using the 12-fan Wall of Wind. Building and Environment 76 (2014) 18–29.
[8] Bartoli G., Cluni F., Gusella V., Procino L. Dynamics of cable under wind action: Wind tunnel experimental analysis. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 94 (2006) 259–273.
[9] Bashor R., Bobby S., Kijewski-Correa T., Kareem A. Full-scale performance evaluation of tall buildings under wind. Journal of Wind Engineering Industrial Aerodynamics 104–106 (2012) 88–97.
[10] Bęc J., Lipecki T., Błazik-Borowa E. Pomiary drgań aeroelastycznych modeli masztów z odciągami w tunelu aerodynamicznym. Budownictwo i Architektura 12(1) (2013) 211–218.
[11] Bęc J., Lipecki T., Błazik-Borowa E. Research on wind structure in the wind tunnel of Wind Engineering Laboratory of Cracow University of Technology. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 318 (2011) 072003, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/318/7/072003.
[12] Bell J.R., Burton D., Thompson M.C., Herbst A.H., Sheridan J. Flow topology and unsteady features of the wake of a generic high-speed train. Journal of Fluids and Structures61 (2016) 168–183.
[13] Błazik-Borowa E., Bęc J., Nowicki T., Lipecki T., Szulej J. The measurements of parameters for 2-D flow around square and rectangular cylinders at the ground. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, XI(3) (2011) 533–551.
[14] Blocken B. 50 years of Computational Wind Engineering: Past, present and future. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 129 (2014) 69–102.
[15] Blocken B., Stathopoulos T., van Beeck J.P.A.J. Pedestrian-level wind conditions around buildings: Review of wind-tunnel and CFD techniques and their accuracy for wind comfort assessment. Building and Environment 100 (2016) 50–81.
[16] Carpentieri M., Robin A.G. Influence of urban morphology on air flow over building arrays. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 145 (2015) 61–74.
[17] Cermak J.E. Application of fluid mechanics to wind engineering. A Freeman Scholar Lecture. ASME Journal of Fluids Engineering 97(1) (1975) 9–38.
[18] Cluni F., Gusella V., Spence S.M.J., Bartoli G. Wind action on regular and irregular tall buildings: Higher order moment statistical analysis by HFFB and SMPSS measurements. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 99 (2011) 682–690.
[19] CNS – Load code for the design of building structures, China National Standard.
[20] Cochran L.S., Cermak J.E. Full-and model-scale cladding pressures on the Texas Tech University experimental building. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 43(1–3) (1992) 1589–1600.
[21] Dalgliesh W.A. Comparison of model/full-scale wind pressures on a high-rise building. Journal of Industrial Aerodynamics 1 (1975) 55–66.
[22] Dalgliesh W.A., Cooper K.R., Templin J.T. Comparison of model and full-scale accelerations of a high–rise building. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 13 (1983) 217–228.
[23] Davenport A.G. Rationale for determining design wind velocities. ASCE Journal of the Structural Division 86(5) (1960) 39–68.
[24] Davenport A.G. The relationship of wind structure to wind loading. Proc. 1st Conference on Wind Effects on Building and Structures, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, England, 1965, 53–102.
[25] Domínguez D., Gonzalo J., López D. A wind speed profile measurement method based on free bubble tracking in the lower atmosphere. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 34 (2013) 134–141.
[26] Elsharawy M., Galal K., Stathopoulos T. Torsional and shear wind loads on flat-roofed buildings. Engineering Structures 84 (2015) 313–324.
[27] Endo M., Bienkiewicz B., Ham H.J. Wind-tunnel investigation of point pressure on TTU test building. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 94(7) (2006) 553–578.
[28] Eurocode 1: Actions on structures – Part 1-4: General actions – Wind actions. (polish version: PN–EN 1991–1–4). PKN, Warsaw, 2008.
[29] Franke, J., Hellsten, A., Schlünzen, H., Carissimo, B. (Eds.). Best practice guideline for the CFD simulation of flows in the urban environment. COST Office Brussels, 2007.
[30] Franke, J., Hellsten, A., Schlünzen, H., Carissimo, B. The COST 732 best practice guideline for CFD simulation of flows in the urban environment – A summary. International Journal of Environmental Pollution 44(1-4) (2011) 419–427.
[31] Fu J.Y., Wu J.R., Xu A., Li Q.S., Xiao Y.Q. Full-scale measurements of wind effects on Guangzhou West Tower. Engineering Structures 35 (2012) 120–139.
[32] Goliger A.M., Milford R.V. Sensitivity of the CAARC standard building model to geometric scale and turbulence. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 31(1) (1988) 105–123.
[33] Gonzalo J., Domínguez D., López D., Fernández J. Lighter-than-air particle velocimetry for wind speed profile measurement. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 33 (2014) 323–332.
[34] Guo Y.L., Kareem A., Ni Y.Q., Liao W.Y. Performance evaluation of Canton Tower under winds based on full-scale data. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 104–106 (2012) 116–128.
[35] Habte F., Mooneghi M.A, Chowdhury A.G., Irwin P. Full-scale testing to evaluate the performance of standing seam metal roofs under simulated wind loading. Engineering Structures 105(15) (2015) 231–248.
[36] He Y.C., Chan P.W., Li Q.C. Wind characteristics over different terrains. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 120 (2013) 51–69.
[37] Hu G., Tse K.T., Kwok K.C.S., Zhang Y. Large eddy simulation of flow around an inclined finite square cylinder. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 146 (2015) 172–184.
[38] Huang S.H., Li Q.S., Xu S. Numerical evaluation of wind effects on a tall steel building by CFD. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 63 (2007) 612–627.
[39] ISO 4354:2009. Wind actions on structures. ISO, 2009.
[40] Jin Z., Dong Q., Yang Z. A stereoscopic PIV study of the effect of rime ice on the vortex structures in the wake of a wind turbine. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 134 (2014) 139–148.
[41] Kim J.H., Han Y.O. Experimental investigation of wake structure around an external rear view mirror of a passenger car. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 99 (2011) 1197–1206.
[42] Kim W., Tamura Y., Yoshida A. Interference effects on aerodynamic wind forces between two buildings. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 147 (2015) 186–201.
[43] Letchford C.W., Lander D.C., Case P., Dyson A., Amitay M. Bio-mimicry inspired tall buildings: The response of cactus-like buildings to wind action at Reynolds Number of 104. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 150 (2016) 22–30.
[44] Li Q.S., Wu J.R. Time-frequency analysis of typhoon effects on a 79-storey tall building. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 95 (2007) 1648–1666.
[45] Li Q.S., Xiao Y.Q., Wong C.K. Full-scale monitoring of typhoon effects on super tall buildings. Journal of Fluids and Structures 20 (2005) 697–717.
[46] Li Q.S., Xiao Y.Q., Wu J.R., Fu J.Y., Li Z.N. Typhoon effects on super-tall buildings. Journal of Sound and Vibration 313 (2008) 581–602.
[47] Li Q.S., Zhi L., Hu F. Boundary layer wind structure from observations on a 325 m tower. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 98 (2010) 818–832.
[48] Lipecki T. Relationship between wind pressure on surface of rectangular prisms and atmospheric boundary layer parameters. Technical Transactions 12(2–B) (2015) 91–105.
[49] Lipecki T., Jamińska P. Influence of wind structure and aspect ratio of circular cylinders on mean wind pressure coefficient. TASK QUARTERLY 16(3–4) (2012) 203–218.
[50] Melbourne W.H. Comparison of measurements on the CAARC standard tall building model in simulated model wind flows. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 6(1–2) (1980) 73–88.
[51] Oguma Y., Yamagata T., Fujisawa N. Measurement of sound source distribution around a circular cylinder in a uniform flow by combined particle image velocimetry and microphone technique. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 118 (2013) 1–11.
[52] Ozmen Y., Baydar E., van Beeck J.P.A.J. Wind flow over the low-rise building models with gabled roofs having different pitch angles. Building and Environment 95 (2016) 63–74.
[53] Pozzuoli C., Bartoli G., Peil U., Clobes M. Serviceability wind risk assessment of tall buildings including aeroelastic effects. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 123 (2013) 325–338.
[54] Refan M., Hangan H. Characterization of tornado-like flow fields in a new model scale wind testing chamber. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 151 (2016) 107–121.
[55] Refan M., Hangan H., Wurman J. Reproducing tornadoes in laboratory using proper scaling. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 135 (2014) 136–148.
[56] Richards P.J., Hoxey R.P. Pressures on a cubic building: Part 1. Full-scale results. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 102 (2012) 72–86.
[57] Richards P.J., Hoxey R.P. Wind loads on the roof of a 6 m cube. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 96 (2008) 984–993.
[58] Richardson G.M., Hoxey R.P., Robertson A.P., Short J.L. The Silsoe Structures Building: Comparisons of pressures measured at full scale and in two wind tunnels. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 72 (1997) 187–197.
[59] Rizzo F. Wind tunnel tests on hyperbolic paraboloid roofs with elliptical plane shapes. Engineering Structures 45 (2012) 536–558.
[60] Roth M. Review of atmospheric turbulence over cities. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 126 (2000) 941–990.
[61] Šarkić A., Höffer R., Brčić S. Numerical simulations and experimental validations of force coefficients and flutter derivatives of a bridge deck. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 144 (2015) 172–182.
[62] Shiau B.S., Chen B.Y. Observation on wind turbulence characteristics and velocity spectra near the ground at the coastal region. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 90 (2002) 1671–1681.
[63] Tamura Y., Iwatani Y., Hibi K., Suda K., Nakamura O., Maruyama T., Ishibashi R. Profiles of mean wind speeds and vertical turbulence intensities measured at sea shore and two in land sites using Doppler sodars. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 95 (2007) 411–427.
[64] Tamura Y., Suda K., Sasaki A., Miyashita K., Iwatani Y., Maruyama T., Hibi K., Ishibash R. Simultaneous wind measurements over two sites using Doppler sodars. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 89 (2001) 1647–1656.
[65] Tamura, T., Nozawa, K., Kondo, K. AIJ guide for numerical prediction of wind loads on buildings. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 96 (10-11) (2008) 1974–1984.
[66] Taylor Z.J., Gurka R., Kopp G.A. Effects of leading edge geometry on the vortex shedding frequency of an elongated bluff body at high Reynolds numbers. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 128 (2014) 66–75.
[67] Tieleman H.W. Strong wind observations in the atmospheric surface layer. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 96 (2008) 41–77.
[68] Tominaga, Y., Mochida, A., Yoshie, R., Kataoka, H., Nozu, T., Yoshikawa, M., Shirasawa, T. AIJ guidelines for practical applications of CFD to pedestrian wind environment around buildings. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 96(10-11) (2008) 1749–1761.
[69] Yi. J, Li Q.S. Wind tunnel and full-scale study of wind effects on a super-tall building. Journal of Fluids and Structures 58 (2015) 236–253.
[70] Yoshie, R., Mochida, A., Tominaga, Y., Kataoka, H., Harimoto, K., Nozu, T., Shirasawa, T. Cooperative project for CFD prediction of pedestrian wind environment in the Architectural Institute of Japan. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 95(9-11) (2007) 1551–1578.
Lipecki, T. and Jamińska, P. (2016) “Issues of contemporary wind engineering and aerodynamics of building structures”, Budownictwo i Architektura, 15(3), pp. 029–051. doi: 10.24358/Bud-Arch_16_153_03.
Authors
Tomasz Lipeckit.lipecki@pollub.pl
Department of Structural Mechanics; Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture; Lublin University of Technology Poland
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2867-773X
Authors
Paulina JamińskaDepartment of Structural Mechanics; Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture; Lublin University of Technology Poland
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2205-6526
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