Many beginnings: the thought, thinkers and actions behind the planet-oriented architecture
Adrian Krezlik
up201900286@arq.up.ptFaculty of Architecture; University of Porto (Portugal)
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3200-8851
Abstract
The article maps multiple planet-oriented movements in the history of modern (predominantly western) architecture. It looks for architectural pronunciation of social movements, political actions and historical moments. In writings of acclaimed architects and authors, it searches for origins of organic, vernacular and tropical architecture and their offspring in the contemporary approaches, views and design. The article documents changes of perception of relation between man, nature and architecture. It commences with the very first attempts to understand this relationship: idealization and romanticisation of nature, it finishes with the most contemporary analyses based on the holistic approach and computer simulation. The article draws an extensive panorama of authors and publications that researched planted-oriented architecture.
Keywords:
modern architecture, planet-oriented architecture, organic architecture, vernacular architecture, tropical architecture, regenerative designReferences
Ruskin J., Lectures on architecture and painting. London; New York: George Routledge & Sons : F.P. Dutton & Co, 1845. Available: http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/34040212.html
Google Scholar
Rusikin J., The Poetry Of Architecture: Or, The Architecture Of The Nations Of Europe Considered In Its Association With Natural Scenery And National Character. New York: Wilen, 1923. Available: https://archive.org/details/poetryofarchitec00ruskuoft
Google Scholar
Hunt J. D., “Ruskin: The Design of Nature and the Transcription of Its Manuscript”, Assemblage, no. 32, (1997), pp. 13–21. https://doi.org/10.2307/3171404
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3171404
Google Scholar
Des Voeux H. A., “Fog and Smog”, presented at the London Congress Meeting, Royal Institute of Public Health, London, 1905.
Google Scholar
Leopold A., Game Management. University of Wisconsin Press, 1987.
Google Scholar
Arulke A. and Sax B., “Understanding Nazi Animal Protection and the Holocaust”, Anthrozoos: A Multidisciplinary Journal of The Interactions of People & Animals, vol. 5, (Jan. 1992), pp. 6–31. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279392787011638
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2752/089279392787011638
Google Scholar
Carson R., Silent spring. Greenwich, Conn.: Fawcett, 1962.
Google Scholar
Dewey S., “Working for the Environment: Organized Labor and the Origins of Environmentalism in the United States, 1948-1970”, Environmental History, vol. 3, no. 1, (1998), pp. 45–63. https://doi.org/10.2307/3985426
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3985426
Google Scholar
Hamilton J. D., “Oil and the Macroeconomy since World War II”, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 91, no. 2, (1983), pp. 228–248.
Google Scholar
Brundtland Commission, Our common future. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.
Google Scholar
Shabecoff P., “Global Warming Has Begun, Expert Tells Senate.”, New York, 24-Jun-1988.
Google Scholar
Hatje Gerd., Encyclopaedia of modern architecture. London: Thames and Hudson, 1975.
Google Scholar
Burckhardt J., Geschichte der Renaissance in Italien. Stuttgart: Ebner, 1878.
Google Scholar
Wright F. L., “In the cause of architecture”, Architectural Record, no. March, (1908).
Google Scholar
Sullivan L., Kindergarten Chats and Other Writings. Dover Publications, 1918.
Google Scholar
Wright F. L., The natural house. Horizon Press, 1954.
Google Scholar
Hensel M., Performance-Oriented Architecture: Rethinking Architectural Design and the Built Environment. Wiley, 2013.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118640630
Google Scholar
Latour B., “On Actor-Network Theory. A Few Clarifications, Plus More Than a Few Complications”, Philosophical Literary Journal Logos, vol. 27, (2017), pp. 173–197. https://doi.org/10.22394/0869-5377-2017-1-173-197
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22394/0869-5377-2017-1-173-197
Google Scholar
Manson G. C., Frank Lloyd Wright to 1910 : the first Golden Age. New York a.o: Van Nostrand Reinhold1958 ib. 79., 1979.
Google Scholar
Griffin M. M., “The Magic Of America”.
Google Scholar
Ghia M., “A lightning bolt. The activity of Bruno Zevi in post-war Italy”, ZARCH, (Sep. 2018), pp. 166–177. https://doi.org/10.26754/ojs_zarch/zarch.2018102939
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26754/ojs_zarch/zarch.2018102939
Google Scholar
Zevi B., Zevi su Bruno Zevi. Milano: Magma, 1978.
Google Scholar
Wright F. L., “In the Cause of Architecture IV: The Meaning of Materials - Wood”, The Architectural Record, vol. 62, May-1928.
Google Scholar
Wright F. L., “In the Cause of Architecture V: The Meaning of Materials - the Klin”, The Architectural Record, vol. 63, Jun-1928.
Google Scholar
Wright F. L., “In the Cause of Architecture VII: The Meaning of Materials - Concrete”, The Architectural Record, vol. 65, Augsut1928.
Google Scholar
Hynynen A., “A Deep Organic Re-reading of Alvar Aalto’s Design Approach”, presented at the The 6th Annual Symposium of Architectural Research 2014 and The Annual NAAR Symposium 2014, Oulu, Finland, 2014.
Google Scholar
Wilson E. O., Biophilia. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 2003.
Google Scholar
Wright F. L., “In the Cause of Architecture VI: The Meaning of Materials - Glass”, The Architectural Record, vol. 64, Apr-1928.
Google Scholar
Frampton K., Modern Architecture: A Critical History. Thames & Hudson, 2007.
Google Scholar
Martí Arís C., La cimbra y el arco. Barcelona: Fundación Caja de Arquitectos, 2005.
Google Scholar
Johnson P. et al., Modern architecture : international exhibition. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1932.
Google Scholar
Le Corbusier, Towards new architecture. London: The architectural Press, 1927.
Google Scholar
Rytel G., “Vernacular, which means? Semantic remarks as side notes on the main topic of the conference”, Budownictwo i Architektura, vol. 14, no. 3, (Sep. 2015). https://doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.1623
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.1623
Google Scholar
Oliver P., Encyclopedia of Vernacular Architecture of the World. 1997.
Google Scholar
Mumford L., Technics and Civilization. University of Chicago Press, 1934.
Google Scholar
Strate L. and Lum C. M. K., “Lewis Mumford and the ecology of technics”, New Jersey Journal of Communication, vol. 8, no. 1, (2000), pp. 56–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/15456870009367379
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15456870009367379
Google Scholar
Mumford L., The South In Architecture The Dancy Lectures Alabama College 1941. Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1941. Available: https://archive.org/details/southinarchitect009074mbp/page/n25/mode/2up/search/reproduce
Google Scholar
Moholy-Nagy S., Native Genius in Anonymous Architecture. New York: Horizon Press, 1957.
Google Scholar
Moholy-Nagy S., “Environment and Anonymous Architecture”, Perspecta, vol. 3, (1955), pp. 3–77. https://doi.org/10.2307/1566829
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1566829
Google Scholar
Moholy-Nagy S., “Materiali Indigeni nell’Architettura dei Coloni Americani.”, Casabella, no. 204, pp. 76–82, 1955.
Google Scholar
Moholy-Nagy S., “A Study of Education for Environmental Design”, 1967.
Google Scholar
Moholy-Nagy S., “The Making of Non-Architects”, Architectural Record, vol. 14, 1969.
Google Scholar
Rudofsky B., Architecture Without Architects: A Short Introduction to Non-pedigreed Architecture. 1964.
Google Scholar
Rudofsky B., Are clothes modern? : an essay on contemporary apparel. Chicago, 1947.
Google Scholar
ʻAlawiyah B. and Tabit L., Il ne suffit pas que Dieu soit avec les pauvres. [بيروت؟]: نادي لكل الناس،, 2006.
Google Scholar
Fathy H., Architecture for the Poor: An Experiment in Rural Egypt. 1969.
Google Scholar
Fathy H. et al., Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture: Principles and Examples with Reference to Hot Arid Climates. United Nations University, 1986.
Google Scholar
Fathy H. and Damluji S. S., The Mud Brick Manual: Vault and Dome Construction. 1984.
Google Scholar
“Decreto-Lei n.o 40 349, de 19 de Outubro de 1955”,
Google Scholar
SNA, Arquitectura popular em Portugal. Lisboa: Sindicato Nacional dos Arquitectos, 1961.
Google Scholar
Bo Bardi L., “Architettura e natura: la casa nel passaggio”, Domus, vol. 191, pp. 464–471, Nov-1943.
Google Scholar
Przesmycka N., “Icelandic vernacular architecture”, Budownictwo i Architektura, vol. 14, no. 3, (Sep. 2015). https://doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.1634
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.1634
Google Scholar
Williamson T., The East India Vade-Mecum. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.
Google Scholar
Drew J. and Fry M., “Recent Educational Buildings in the Gold Coast”, The Architectural Review, May-1953.
Google Scholar
Fry M. and Drew J., Tropical architecture in the humid zone. London: Batsford, 1956.
Google Scholar
Fry M. and Drew J., Tropical architecture in the dry and humid zones. B. T. Batsford, 1964.
Google Scholar
Koenigsberger O. H. and Lynn R., Roofs in the warm humid tropics. Published for the Architectural Association by Lund, Humphries, 1965.
Google Scholar
Koenigsberger O. H. et al., Manual Of Tropical Housing & Building. Orient Longman Private Limited, 1975.
Google Scholar
Olgyay V. and Olgyay A., Design with climate : bioclimatic approach to architectural regionalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963.
Google Scholar
Naboni E. and Havinga L., Regenerative Design In Digital Practice. A Handbook for the Built Environment. 2019.
Google Scholar
Roaf S. and et al, Adapting Buildings and Cities for Climate Change. Taylor & Francis, 2006.
Google Scholar
Roaf S., “The traditional technology trap: Stereotypes of Middle Eastern traditional building types and technologies”, Trialog, vol. 25, (Jan. 1990), pp. 26–33.
Google Scholar
Stevenson F., Housing fit for purpose : Performance, feedback and learning. London: RIBA Publishing, 2019.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429347870
Google Scholar
Stevenson F. et al., “Resilience, redundancy and low-carbon living: co-producing individual and community learning”, Building Research and Information, vol. 44, no. 7, (Aug. 2016), pp. 789–803. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2016.1207371
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2016.1207371
Google Scholar
Baborska-Narożny M. et al., “Overheating in retrofitted flats: occupant practices, learning and interventions”, Building Research and Information, vol. 45, no. 1–2, (Oct. 2016), pp. 40–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2016.1226671
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2016.1226671
Google Scholar
Carmona-Andreu I. et al., “Low carbon housing: Understanding occupant guidance and training”, Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, vol. 22, (Jan. 2013), pp. 545–554. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36645-1_51
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36645-1_51
Google Scholar
Roaf S., “739: The Traditional Technology Trap (2): More lessons from the Windcatchers of Yazd”, (Jun. 2020).
Google Scholar
Leatherbarrow D. and Wesley R., “Performance and style in the work of Olgyay and Olgyay”, Architectural Research Quarterly, vol. 18, (Jun. 2014), pp. 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1359135514000475
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1359135514000475
Google Scholar
Ladybug Tools, Available: https://grasshopperdocs.com/components/ladybug/bioclimaticChart.html
Google Scholar
McHarg I., Design with nature. Published for the American Museum of Natural History [by] the Natural History Press, 1969.
Google Scholar
Steiner F. and Fleming B., Design with Nature Now. Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 2019.
Google Scholar
Fuller R. B., Operating manual for spaceship earth. 1965.
Google Scholar
von Bertalanffy L. et al., General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications. G. Braziller, 1968.
Google Scholar
Brand Stewart., The Next Whole Earth Catalog. Sausalito, Calif.; New York: Point ; Distributed by Random House, 1980.
Google Scholar
Soleri P., Arcology: The City in the Image of Man. MIT Press, 1973. Available:
Google Scholar
English M., “Arcosanti:Why?”, The Architects Take.
Google Scholar
Albright J., “Initial Findings. Arcosanti Oxidation Pond”, Arizona Wetlands Research Foundation, 2003.
Google Scholar
Papanek V., Design for the Real World. 1971.
Google Scholar
Jacobs J., The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Vintage Books, 1992. Available:
Google Scholar
Peretti G. and Druhmann C. K., Regenerative CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION. COST Action CA16114 RESTORE, Working. Group Three Report: REGENERATIVE CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION. Eurac, 2019.
Google Scholar
Sonetti G. and Lombardi P., “Multi-criteria Decision Analysis of a Building Element Integrating Energy Use, Environmental, Economic and Aesthetic Parameters in Its Life Cycle”, 2020, pp. 463–477. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23786-8_26
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23786-8_26
Google Scholar
Reed B., “Shifting from ‘sustainability’ to regeneration”, Building Research & Information, vol. 35, no. 6, (Nov. 2007), pp. 674–680. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613210701475753
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09613210701475753
Google Scholar
Larrick S., “A Living Systems Model for Assessing and Promoting the Sustainability of Communities.”, presented at the Annual Meeting of the Community Development Society, Athens, 1997.
Google Scholar
Lengen J. van, Barefoot architect. Bolinas, Calif.; Enfield: Shelter; Publishers Group UK, 2007.
Google Scholar
Authors
Adrian Krezlikup201900286@arq.up.pt
Faculty of Architecture; University of Porto Portugal
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3200-8851
Statistics
Abstract views: 614PDF downloads: 9315 PDF downloads: 38 PDF downloads: 30
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Budownictwo i Architektura supports the open science program. The journal enables Open Access to their publications. Everyone can view, download and forward articles, provided that the terms of the license are respected.
Publishing of articles is possible after submitting a signed statement on the transfer of a license to the Journal.