Optimisation of the generating capacity of droop-based DGs integrated into an isolated AC microgrid using metaheuristic algorithms to minimise power losses

Tuan-Ho Le; Tham X. Nguyen; Robert Lis; Muhammad Jamshed Abbass

doi:10.35784/iapgos.7465

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Published: Jun 30, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.35784/iapgos.7465

Issue Vol. 16 No. 2 (2026)

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Optimisation of the generating capacity of droop-based DGs integrated into an isolated AC microgrid using metaheuristic algorithms to minimise power losses
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Authors

Tuan-Ho Le

tuanhole@qnu.edu.vn

Quy Nhon University, Viet Nam

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9638-8171

Tham X. Nguyen

nguyenxuantham@qnu.edu.vn

Quy Nhon University, Viet Nam

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6247-2132

Robert Lis

robert.lis@pwr.edu.pl

Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5328-5543

Muhammad Jamshed Abbass

muhammad.abbass@pwr.edu.pl

Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2831-2316

Abstract

This study proposes three metaheuristic techniques, including differential evolution, moth-flame optimisation, and honey badger algorithm combined with a modified backward-forward sweep load flow approach to identify the optimal droop gains and reference voltage magnitudes of distributed generators (DGs) (i.e., optimal size of droop-based DGs) integrated with renewable sources to meet the electricity demands of an islanded AC microgrid. The suggested mathematical model was tested on a reconfigured 33-bus islanded microgrid under four scenarios with a time-varying load over 24 hours. The findings indicate that Case 3, which applies the honey badger (HB) algorithm to optimise droop coefficients and regulate reference voltage magnitudes within permissible limits, is the most effective in lowering power losses compared to other cases. The final results highlight the HB algorithm’s efficacy in minimising power losses while optimising the size of droop-based DGs in an islanded microgrid integrated with renewable energy sources.

Keywords:

islanded AC microgrid, losses power minimisation, voltage improvement, metaheuristic algorithms

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Le, T.-H., Nguyen, T. X., Lis, R., & Abbass, M. J. (2026). Optimisation of the generating capacity of droop-based DGs integrated into an isolated AC microgrid using metaheuristic algorithms to minimise power losses. Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary W Gospodarce I Ochronie Środowiska, 16(2), 118–125. https://doi.org/10.35784/iapgos.7465

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