USE OF SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN THE ELDERLY

Moon-gee CHOI

mgchoi@konyang.ac.kr
Department of Liberal Arts, University of Konyang, Konyang, South-Korea (Poland)

Abstract

This study investigated the use of computer games to detect the symptoms of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), an early stage of dementia, in the elderly. To this end, three serious games were used to measure the visio-perception coordination and psycho-motor abilities, spatial memory, and short-term digit span memory. Subsequently, the correlations between the results of the games and the results of the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE), a dementia screening test, were analyzed. In addition, the game results of normal elderly persons were compared with those of elderly patients who exhibited MCI symptoms. The results indicated that the game play time and the frequency of errors had significant correlations with K-MMSE. Significant differences were also found in several factors between the control group and the group with MCI. Based on these findings, the advantages and disadvantages of using serious games as tools for screening mild cognitive impairment were discussed.


Keywords:

serious game, MCI (Mild Cognitive Impairment), cognition, dementia, MMSE

Allain, P., Foloppe, D. A., Besnard, J., Yamaguchi, T., Etcharry-Bouyx, F., Le Gall, D., Nolin, P., & Richard, P. (2014). Detecting everyday action deficits in Alzheimer’s disease using a nonimmersive virtual reality kitchen. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 20, 468–477.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617714000344   Google Scholar

Baek, M. J., Kim, K., Park, Y. H., & Kim, S. (2016). The validity and reliability of the Mini-Mental State Examination-2 for detecting mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease in a Korean population. PLoS One, 11(9), e0163792. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163792
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163792   Google Scholar

Beavis, C., Dezuanni, M., & O'Mara, J. (2017). Serious play: Literacy, learning and digital games. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315537658-1
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315537658   Google Scholar

Boletsis, C., & McCallum, S. (2016). Augmented reality cubes for cognitive gaming: Preliminary usability and game experience testing, International Journal of Serious Games, 3(1), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.17083/ijsg.v3i1.106
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17083/ijsg.v3i1.106   Google Scholar

Chelune, G. J., & Baer, R. A. (1986). Developmental norms for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 8(3), 219–228. http://doi.org/10.1080/01688638608401314
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01688638608401314   Google Scholar

Connolly, A., Gaehl, E., Martin, H., Morris, J., & Purandare, N. (2011). Underdiagnosis of dementia in primary care: Variations in the observed prevalence and comparisons to the expected prevalence. Aging & Mental Health, 15(8), 978–984. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2011.596805
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2011.596805   Google Scholar

Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135–168. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750   Google Scholar

Folstein, M., Folsten, S., & McHugh, P.(1975). Mini-Mental State: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6   Google Scholar

Fukui, Y., Yamashita, T., Hishikawa, N., Kurata, T., Sato, K., Omote, Y., Kono, S., Yunoki, T., Kawahara, Y., Hatanaka, N., Tokuchi, R., Deguchi, K., & Abe, K. (2015). Computerized touch-panel screening tests for detecting mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Internal Medicine, 54, 895–902. https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.54.3931
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.54.3931   Google Scholar

Granic, I., Lobel, A., & Engels, R.C. (2014). The benefits of playing video games. The American Psychologist, 69(1), 66–79. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034857
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034857   Google Scholar

Ismail, Z., Rajji, T. K., & Shulman, K. I. (2010). Brief cognitive screening instruments: an update. International journal of geriatric psychiatry, 25(2), 111–120. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2306
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2306   Google Scholar

Koster, A., Penninx, B. W., Bosma, H., Kempen, G. I., Newman, A. B., Rubin, S. M., Satterfield, S., Atkinson, H. H., Ayonayon, H. N., Rosano, C., Yaffe, K., Harris, T. B., Rooks, R. N., Van Eijk, J. T., & Kritchevsky, S. B. (2005). Socioeconomic differences in cognitive decline and the role of biomedical factors. Annals of epidemiology, 15(8), 564–571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2005.02.008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2005.02.008   Google Scholar

Kwon, Y. C., & Park, J. H. (1989). Korean Version of Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE). Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 28(1), 125–135.
  Google Scholar

Langa, K. M., & Levine, D. A. (2014). The diagnosis and management of mild cognitive impairment: a clinical review. JAMA, 312(23), 2551–2561. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.13806
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.13806   Google Scholar

Löppönen, M., Räihä, I., Isoaho, R., Vahlberg, T., & Kivelä, S. L. (2003). Diagnosing cognitive impairment and dementia in primary health care -- a more active approach is needed. Age and ageing, 32(6), 606–612. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afg097
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afg097   Google Scholar

Manera, V., Petit, P. D., Derreumaux, A., Orvieto, I., Romagnoli, M., Lyttle, G., David, R., & Robert, P. H. (2015). 'Kitchen and cooking,' a serious game for mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: a pilot study. Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 7, 24. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2015.00024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2015.00024   Google Scholar

Morris, J. C., Heyman, A., Mohs, R. C., Hughes, J. P., van Belle, G., Fillenbaum, G., Mellits, E. D., & Clark, C. (1989). The CERAD Investigators. The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD). Part I: Clinical and neuropsychological assessment of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 39, 1159–1165. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.39.9.1159
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.39.9.1159   Google Scholar

National Institute of Dementia. (2019). National Institute of Dementia annual report 2019. Seongnam: National Institute of Dementia. https://nih.go.kr/contents.es?mid=a50302010000
  Google Scholar

Scanlon, L., O'Shea, E., O'Caoimh, R., & Timmons, S. (2015). Usability and validity of a battery of computerised cognitive screening tests for detecting cognitive impairment. Gerontology, 62(2), 247–252. https://doi.org/10.1159/000433432
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000433432   Google Scholar

Suh, G. H., Ju, Y. S., Yeon, B. K., & Shah, A. (2004). A longitudinal study of Alzheimer's disease: rates of cognitive and functional decline. International journal of geriatric psychiatry, 19(9), 817–824. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1168
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1168   Google Scholar

Tong, T., Chignell, M., Tierney, M. C., & Lee, J. (2016). A Serious Game for Clinical Assessment of Cognitive Status: Validation Study. JMIR serious games, 4(1), e7. https://doi.org/10.2196/games.5006
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/games.5006   Google Scholar

World Health Organization. (2021). Global action plan on the public health response to dementia 2017–2025. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia
  Google Scholar

Zygouris, S., Giakoumis, D., Votis, K., Doumpoulakis, S., Ntovas, K., Segkouli, S., Karagiannidis, C., Tzovaras, D., & Tsolaki, M. (2015). Can a virtual reality cognitive training application fulfill a dual role? Using the virtual supermarket cognitive training application as a screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Alzheimer's disease: JAD, 44(4), 1333–1347. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-141260
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-141260   Google Scholar

Download


Published
2022-06-30

Cited by

CHOI, M.- gee. (2022). USE OF SERIOUS GAMES FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN THE ELDERLY. Applied Computer Science, 18(2), 5–15. https://doi.org/10.35784/acs-2022-9

Authors

Moon-gee CHOI 
mgchoi@konyang.ac.kr
Department of Liberal Arts, University of Konyang, Konyang, South-Korea Poland

Statistics

Abstract views: 85
PDF downloads: 46


License

All articles published in Applied Computer Science are open-access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.