Specificity of general zones in large modern European multispeciality hospitals – selected case studies
Rafał Strojny
r.strojny@pollub.plDepartment of Architecture and Urban Planning; Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture; Lublin University of Technology; (Poland)
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2451-9152
Abstract
The present paper shows the results of research on general zones in large European multispeciality hospitals. A dozen or so institutions, flagship examples of large contemporary hospitals, were selected for the study. The research focused on internal zones, in particular the reception area linked to the main communication system of the hospital, which functions as a public space offering a range of services and provides space for communication, waiting and meetings. This work aims to determine design trends in the location and forms of general zones, their characteristics and proportion to other zones in hospitals, architectural features and functional-spatial solutions. The relationships between the shape of the hospital, its internal general zones, and their percentage share in the total building area were examined. Art and greenery in these zones were also investigated, along with the presence of natural lighting, the colours, and the type of finishing materials used in this type of space today. The study revealed noticeable differences between the form of general zones in large contemporary as well as 20th-century hospitals. In addition to their form, the arrangement of zones has also changed, and they often do not resemble a hospital space. Art and greenery play an increasingly important role. The general zone is a hospital’s essential communication hub, constituting the main public space where people may meet.
Supporting Agencies
Keywords:
general areas in a large hospital, multispeciality hospital, health care architectureReferences
Gerber P., Ochrona i modernizacja szpitali. Wrocław: Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej, 2019, pp. 43.
Google Scholar
Nickl-Weller C., Nickl H., Healing Architecture. Salenstein: Braun Publishing AG, 2013.
Google Scholar
Meuser P., Schirmer C., New Hospital Buildings in Germany. Vol. 1: General Hospitals and Health Centres. Berlin: DOM Publishers, 2006.
Google Scholar
Nickl-Weller C., Nickl H., Hospital Architecture. Salenstein: Braun Publishing AG, 2013, pp. 12.
Google Scholar
Wagenaar C., Mens N., Manja G., Niemeijer C., Guthknecht T., Hospitals. A Design Manual. Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag GmbH, 2018.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783035611250
Google Scholar
Aripin S., Healing architecture: a study on the physical aspects of healing environment in hospital design, in 40th Annual Conference of the Architectural Science Association ANZAScA, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia, 22-25 November 2006.
Google Scholar
Bates V., “‘Humanizing’ healthcare environments: architecture, art and design in modern hospitals”, Design for Health, vol. 2 (1), pp. 5-19, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/24735132.2018.1436304
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/24735132.2018.1436304
Google Scholar
Czyński M., Terapeutyczna rola przestrzeni architektonicznej szpitala, in Materiały VI Sympozjum. Architektura i Technika a Zdrowie, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, 2008, pp. 67-78.
Google Scholar
Douglas C. H., Douglas M. R., “Patient-friendly hospital environments: exploring the patients’ perspective”, Health Expect, vol. 7, issue 1, pp. 61-73, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1369-6513.2003.00251.x
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1369-6513.2003.00251.x
Google Scholar
Huisman E. R. C. M., Morales E., van Hoof J., Kort H. S. M., “Healing environment: A review of the impact of physical environmental factors on users”, Building and Environment, vol. 58, pp. 70-80, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.06.016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.06.016
Google Scholar
Mourshed M., Zhao Y., “Healthcare providers’ perception of design factors related to physical environments in hospitals”, Journal of Environmental Psychology, vol. 32, pp. 362-370, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVP.2012.06.004
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2012.06.004
Google Scholar
Cooper Marcus C., “Healing Gardens in Hospitals”, Interdisciplinary Design and Research e-Journal, vol. 1, issue 1, January 2007.
Google Scholar
Aripin S., ‘Healing Architecture’: Daylight in Hospital Design, in Conference on Sustainable Building South East Asia, 5-7 November 2007, Malaysia.
Google Scholar
Dalke H., Little J., Niemann E., Camgoz N., Steadman G., Hill S., Stott L., “Colour and lighting in hospital design”, Optics & Laser Technology, vol. 38, issues 4-6, 2006, pp. 343-365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2005.06.040
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2005.06.040
Google Scholar
Baskaya A., Wilson C., Özcan Y. Z., “Wayfinding in an Unfamiliar Environment. Different Spatial Settings of Two Polyclinics”, Environment and Behaviour, vol. 36, no. 6, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916504265445
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916504265445
Google Scholar
Niezabitowska E., Szewczenko A., Tomanek M., Jamrozik-Szatanek M., Projektowanie obiektów szpitalnych. Rola badań naukowych w doskonaleniu jakości funkcjonowania szpitali. Katowice: Wydawnictwo Naukowe „Śląsk”, 2021, pp. 55-56.
Google Scholar
Shultz J., Jha R., “Using Virtual Reality (VR) Mock-Ups for Evidence-Based Healthcare Facility Design Decisions”, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, vol. 18 (21):11250, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111250
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111250
Google Scholar
Lankston L., Cusack P., Fremantle C., Isles C., “Visual art in hospitals: case studies and review of the evidence”, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, vol. 103 (12), 2010, pp. 490–499. https://doi.org/10.1258/jrsm.2010.100256
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1258/jrsm.2010.100256
Google Scholar
Rollins J., ‘Purpose-built’ Art in Hospitals: Art with Intent. Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited, 2021, pp. 234. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83909-680-820211022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/9781839096808
Google Scholar
Iyendo T. O., “Exploring the effect of sound and music on health in hospital settings: A narrative review”, International Journal of Nursing Studies, vol. 63, 2016, pp. 82-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.08.008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.08.008
Google Scholar
Jiang S., Verderber S., “On the Planning and Design of Hospital Circulation Zones: A Review of the Evidence-Based Design Literature”, Health Environments Research & Design Journal, vol. 10 (2), 2017, pp. 124-146. https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586716672041
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586716672041
Google Scholar
Singh V. K., Lillrank P., Planning and Designing Healthcare Facilities: A Lean, Innovative, and Evidence-Based Approach. New York: Routledge, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1201/b21814
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/b21814
Google Scholar
Ghaffari F., Shabak M., Norouzi N., Fallah S. N., “Hospital salutogenic public spaces: a conceptual framework of effective perceptional environment quality components on patients’ satisfaction”, International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, Emerald Publishing Limited, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBPA-05-2021-0071
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBPA-05-2021-0071
Google Scholar
Lacanna G., Wagenaar C., Avermaete T., Swami V., “Evaluating the Psychosocial Impact of Indoor Public Spaces in Complex Healthcare Settings”, Health Environments Research & Design Journal, vol. 12 (3), 2019, pp. 11-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586718812439
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586718812439
Google Scholar
Setola N., Bellini E., Marcheschi E., Interdisciplinary approach to evaluate environmental users’ perceived restoration in hospital public spaces, in the 4th Conference on Architecture Research Care & Health, June 12-13, 2019 – Trondheim, Norway, pp. 289-301.
Google Scholar
Setola N., Borgianni S., Designing Public Spaces in Hospitals. New York: Routledge, 2016. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315718842
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315718842
Google Scholar
Setola N., Borgianni S., Martinez M., Tobari E., The Role of Spatial Layout of Hospital Public Spaces in Informal Patient-medical Staff Interface, in the Ninth International Space Syntax Symposium, Seoul: Sejong University, 2013.
Google Scholar
Nedučin D., Krklješ M., Kurtović-Folić N., “Hospital Outdoor Spaces – Therapeutic Benefits and Design Considerations”, Facta Universitatis, Architecture and Civil Engineering, vol. 8, no. 3, 2010, pp. 293-305. https://doi.org/10.2298/FUACE1003293N
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/FUACE1003293N
Google Scholar
Supuck P., Waiting space: Exploring public hospital non-clinical areas through a user-focused design approach. PhD Thesis, Technical University of Denmark, 2020.
Google Scholar
Juraszyński J. et al., Projektowanie obiektów służby zdrowia. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Arkady, 1973, pp. 36.
Google Scholar
Prasad S., Changing Hospital Architecture. London: RIBA Publishing, 2008, pp. 9-11.
Google Scholar
pardotapia.com, Hospital Infanta Sofía. Available: http://pardotapia.com/es/portfolio_page/hospital-infanta-sofia/ [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
archdaily.com, Hospital Infanta Sofía / Pardo Tapia Arquitectos. Available: https://www.archdaily.com/446572/hospital-infanta-sofia-pardotapia-arquitectos [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
meridiam.com, Infanta Sofía Hospital. Available: https://meridiam.com/projects/infanta-sofia-hospital/ [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
cfmoller.com, Akershus University Hospital (New Ahus). Available: https://www.cfmoller.com/p/Akershus-University-Hospital-New-Ahus-i269.html [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
archdaily.com, Akershus University Hosptial / C.F. Møller. Available: https://www.archdaily.com/36473/akershus-university-hosptial-c-f-m%25c3%25b8ller-architects [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
en.wikipedia.org, Akershus University Hospital. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akershus_University_Hospital [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
gm.nl, JEROEN BOSCH HOSPITAL, Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch. Available: https://egm.nl/en/architects/projects/jeroen-bosch-hospital/39 [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
archdaily.com, Jeroen Bosch Hospital / EGM architecten. Available: https://www.archdaily.com/246400/jeroen-bosch-hospital-egm-architecten [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
en.wikipedia.org, Jeroen Bosch Hospital. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeroen_Bosch_Hospital [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
feichtingerarchitectes.com, LKH Klagenfurt Neu. Available: https://www.feichtingerarchitectes.com/display_project.php/1/73 [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
archdaily.com, Klinikum Klagenfurt / Dietmar Feichtinger Architectes. Available: https://www.archdaily.com/91700/klinikum-klagenfurt-dfa-dietmar-feichtinger-architectes [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
archilovers.com, Klinikum Klagenfurt | Architects Collective. Available: https://www.archilovers.com/projects/290320/klinikum-klagenfurt.html [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
architonic.com, KLINIKUM KLAGENFURT, Klagenfurt, Austria. Available: https://www.architonic.com/en/project/architects-collective-klinikum-klagenfurt/5103754 [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
klinikum-klagenfurt.at, Klinikum Klagenfurt am Wörthersee. Available: http://www.klinikum-klagenfurt.at/ [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
bdp.com, QUEEN ELIZABETH HOSPITAL, BIRMINGHAM. Available: https://www.bdp.com/en/projects/p-z/queen-elizabeth-hospital-birmingham/ [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
designbuild-network.com, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom. Available: https://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/birmingham/ [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
brunet-saunier.com, Grand Hôpital de l’Est Francilien. Available: https://brunet-saunier.com/projets/grand-hopital-de-l-est-francilien [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
archdaily.com, Centre Hospitalier de Marne-la-Vallée / BRUNET SAUNIER. Available: https://www.archdaily.com/783379/centre-hospitalier-de-marne-la-vallee-77-france-brunet-saunier [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos. Available: hospitalreyjuancarlos.es [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
archdaily.com, Rey Juan Carlos Hospital / Rafael de La-Hoz. Available: https://www.archdaily.com/238728/rey-juan-carlos-hospital-rafael-de-la-hoz [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
atelierpro.nl, Meander Medical Centre Interior, Amersfoort. Available: https://www.atelierpro.nl/en/projects/77/49 [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
archdaily.com, Meander Medical Center / atelierpro. Available: https://www.archdaily.com/506479/meander-medical-center-atelierpro [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
luisvidal.com, Hospital Can Misses y Centro de Salud. Available: https://luisvidal.com/es/proyectos/hospitales/hospital-can-misses-y-centro-de-salud-ibiza [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
archdaily.com, Can Misses Hospital / Luis Vidal + Arquitectos. Available: https://www.archdaily.com/776664/hospital-can-misses-luis-vidal-plus-arquitectos [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
arup.com, Can Misses Hospital, Ibiza. Available: https://www.arup.com/projects/can-misses-hospital [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
luisvidal.com, Hospital de Vigo. Available: https://luisvidal.com/es/proyectos/hospitales/nuevo-hospital-de-vigo [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
archdaily.com, New Álvaro Cunqueiro Hospital / Luis Vidal + Arquitectos. Available: https://www.archdaily.com/778574/new-alvaro-cunqueiro-hospital-luis-vidal-plus-architects [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
shl.dk, Kolding Hospital. Available: https://www.shl.dk/kolding-hospital-2/ [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
esmo.org, LILLEBAELT HOSPITAL. Available: https://www.esmo.org/for-patients/esmo-designated-centres-of-integrated-oncology-palliative-care/esmo-accredited-designated-centres/lillebaelt-hospital [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
archello.com, Hospital Lillebaelt Kolding. Available: https://archello.com/project/hospital-lillebaelt-kolding [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
habeler-kirchweger.at, Landesklinikum Thermenregion Mödling. Available: http://www.habeler-kirchweger.at/realisierungen/landesklinikum-moedling/ [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
archdaily.com, Landesklinikum Thermenregion Mödling / Architekt Katzberger + Habeler & Kirchweger Architekten. Available: https://www.archdaily.com/957226/landesklinikum-thermenregion-modling-architekt-katzberger-plus-habeler-and-kirchweger-architekten [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
second.wiki, Regional Hospital Mödling - Landesklinikum Mödling. Available: https://second.wiki/wiki/landesklinikum_mc3b6dling [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
jkmm.fi, Hospital Nova, Central Finland. Available: https://jkmm.fi/work/hospital-nova/ [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
archdaily.com, Hospital Nova / JKMM Architects. Available: https://www.archdaily.com/961829/hospital-nova-jkmm-architects [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
srv.fi, Hospital Nova. Available: https://www.srv.fi/en/hospitals/hospital-nova/ [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
linkarkitektur.com, Rigshospitalet North Wing. Available: https://linkarkitektur.com/en/project/rigshospitalet-north-wing [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
3xn.com, The North Wing “Nordfløjen”, Available: https://3xn.com/project/rigshospitalet-north-wing [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
archdaily.com, Rigshospitalet Hospital North Wing / LINK arkitektur + 3XN. Available: https://www.archdaily.com/948484/rigshospitalet-hospital-north-wing-link-arkitektur-plus-3xn [Access: 13 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
Authors
Rafał Strojnyr.strojny@pollub.pl
Department of Architecture and Urban Planning; Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture; Lublin University of Technology; Poland
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2451-9152
Statistics
Abstract views: 355PDF downloads: 188 PDF downloads: 21 PDF downloads: 21
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Budownictwo i Architektura supports the open science program. The journal enables Open Access to their publications. Everyone can view, download and forward articles, provided that the terms of the license are respected.
Publishing of articles is possible after submitting a signed statement on the transfer of a license to the Journal.
