Developing a model for measuring the spatial disability level of cities within the framework of barrier-free pedestrian accessibility: the case of Kırklareli City centre
Serkan Sinmaz
Department of Urban and Regional Planning; Faculty of Architecture; Kırklareli University; (Turkey)
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7168-1857
Mete Korhan Özkök
metekorhanozkok@gmail.comDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning; Faculty of Architecture; Kırklareli University; (Turkey)
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8734-3644
Abstract
The problem of disability is directly related to the physical barriers encountered in urban spaces. Pedestrian accessibility performance is a notable urban quality indicator. Universal design principles and barrier-free design standards are important in making urban spaces usable for everyone. However, projects in this context generally cover specific areas of cities. Bringing an entire city into compliance with barrier-free design standards requires high cost and time. Therefore, determining the spatial disability level of the urban texture and planning project stages constitute a critical process for local governments. This study proposes a model to measure the pedestrian accessibility performance of medium-sized cities with relatively walkable distances within the framework of spatial barriers and to identify priority intervention points. In this context, Kırklareli city centre was selected as a case study area. According to the model developed with the support of GIS, the “ideal accessibility network” is determined for the citizens, and the performance level is calculated by identifying the spatial barriers on this network. The model was developed using components that can be applied to any city and tested in a sample urban environment. This conceptual model contributes to urban science and local government policy by providing a monitoring mechanism for spatial disability that can be constantly tracked by citizens, and by supplying an information base for projects to be developed by local governments. It is hoped that this study will popularise pedestrian-oriented spatial design and control in cities where walkability is postponed due to the focus on wheeled vehicle mobility and where spatial barriers are felt only by disabled individuals.
Supporting Agencies
Keywords:
Spatial Disability, Ideal Accessibility Network, Barrier-Free Design, Pedestrian Accessibility, KırklareliReferences
[1] WHO, “World report on disability.” Available: https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789241564182 [Accessed: 27 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
[2] Krambeck H. V., The global walkability index, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts, 2006.
Google Scholar
[3] Apparicio P. et al., “Comparing alternative approaches to measuring the geographical accessibility of urban health services: Distance types and aggregation-error issues”, International Journal of Health Geographics, vol. 7, no. 1, (Feb. 2008), p. 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072X-7-7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072X-7-7
Google Scholar
[4] Belge Z. S., Akkar Ercan Z. M., “Daha Yaşanabilir Kentler İçin Mikro Ölçek Bir Yürünebilirlik Modeli”, METU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, vol. 34, no. 1, (Jan. 2017), pp. 231–265. https://doi.org/10.4305/metu.jfa.2016.2.11
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4305/METU.JFA.2016.2.11
Google Scholar
[5] Miller E., “Measuring Accessibility: Methods & Issues”, presented at the International Transport Forum Roundtable on Accessibility and Transport Appraisal, Paris, 2019.
Google Scholar
[6] NDA/CEUD, “Building for Everyone: A Universal Design Approach.” Available: https://universaldesign.ie/built-environment/building-for-everyone/ [Accessed: 04 Feb 2023]
Google Scholar
[7] Mace R. L. et al., Accessible Environments: Toward Universal Design, Center for Accessible Housing, North Carolina State University, 1990.
Google Scholar
[8] United Nations, “Good Practices of Accessible Urban Development | DISD”, Birleşmiş Milletler, ST/ESA/364, 2016.
Google Scholar
[9] United Nations, “Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons”, Birleşmiş Milletler, A/RES/61/106, 2006.
Google Scholar
[10] Mace R. L., “Universal Design: Barrier Free Environments for Everyone”, Designers West, vol. 33, no. 1, (1985), pp. 147–152.
Google Scholar
[11] Goldsmith S., Designing for the Disabled: The New Paradigm, Londra: Routledge, 1997.
Google Scholar
[12] Albrecht G. et al., Handbook of Disability Studies, Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2001. Available: https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/hdbk_disability https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412976251
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412976251
Google Scholar
[13] Erkılıç M., “Conceptual Challenges Between Universal Design and Disability in Relation to the Body, Impairment, and the Environment / Where Does the Issue of Disability Stand in the Philosophy of UD?”, METU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, vol. 28, no. 2, (2011), pp. 181–203.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4305/METU.JFA.2011.2.9
Google Scholar
[14] Asadi-Shekari Z. et al., “Disabled Pedestrian Level of Service Method for Evaluating and Promoting Inclusive Walking Facilities on Urban Streets”, Journal of Transportation Engineering, vol. 139, no. 2, (2013), pp. 181–192. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000492
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000492
Google Scholar
[15] WDU, “Universal Standarts For Persons With Disability”, World Disability Union, 2011.
Google Scholar
[16] Sungur Ergenoğlu A., “Mimarlıkta Kapsayıcılık: ‘Herkes İçin Tasarım,’” Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Mimarlık Faklütesi, İstanbul, 2013.
Google Scholar
[17] World Bank, “Urban population data.” Available: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS [Accessed: 27 Dec 2021]
Google Scholar
[18] Zuziak Z., “Nodes of urbanity and spatial models of city structures. From the notes on the synergy in the inner city urbanistic constructions”, Budownictwo i Architektura, vol. 17, no. 3, (2018), pp. 107–129. https://doi.org/10.24358/Bud-Arch_18_173_08
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24358/Bud-Arch_18_173_08
Google Scholar
[19] Burgstahler S., “Universal Design: Process, Principles, and Applications”, Disabilities, Opportunities, Internetworking, and Technology (DO-IT), 2004.
Google Scholar
[20] Preiser W. and Smith K., Universal Design Handbook, 2nd ed., New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2010.
Google Scholar
[21] Steinfeld E. and Maisel J., Universal Design: Creating Inclusive Environments, 1st ed., Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley, 2012.
Google Scholar
[22] TSE, “TS 9111-Özürlü İnsanların İkamet Edeceği Binaların Düzenlenmesi Kuralları”, Türk Standartlar Enstitüsü, Ankara, 1991.
Google Scholar
[23] Reedy J., Marketing to Consumers With Disabilities: How to Identify and Meet the Growing Market Needs of 43 Million Americans. Chicago: Probus Professional Pub, 1993.
Google Scholar
[24] Golledge R. G. and Stimson R. J., Spatial Behavior: A Geographic Perspective. New York: The Guilford Press, 1996.
Google Scholar
[25] Mbgoni M. and Me A., “Revising the United Nations Census Recommendations on Disability”, Washington Group on Disability Statistics, Washington, 2002.
Google Scholar
[26] Uslu A. and Shakouri̇ N., “Kentsel Peyzajda Engelli/Yaşlı Birey İçin Bağımsız Hareket Olanağı ve Evrensel Tasarım Kavramı”, Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, vol. 14, no. 1, (Dec. 2014), pp. 7–14.
Google Scholar
[27] Ak A., “Urban form and walkability: The assessment of walkability capacity of Ankara”, Doktora Tezi, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, 2018.
Google Scholar
[28] Southworth M., “Designing the Walkable City”, Journal of Urban Planning and Development, vol. 131, no. 4, (Dec. 2005), pp. 246–257. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9488(2005)131:4(246)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9488(2005)131:4(246)
Google Scholar
[29] Chiang Y.-C. et al., “Measuring Neighborhood Walkable Environments: A Comparison of Three Approaches”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 14, no. 6, (Jun. 2017), p. 593. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14060593
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14060593
Google Scholar
[30] Sas-Bojarska A. and Rembeza M., “Planning the City Against Barriers. Enhancing the Role of Public Spaces”, Procedia Engineering, vol. 161, (Jan. 2016), pp. 1556–1562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.626
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.626
Google Scholar
[31] Baobeid A. et al., “Walkability and Its Relationships With Health, Sustainability, and Livability: Elements of Physical Environment and Evaluation Frameworks”, Frontiers in Built Environment, vol. 7, (2021), pp. 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2021.721218
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2021.721218
Google Scholar
[32] Abramova S. B. et al., “A barrier-free urban space as an indicator of exercising the right to the city by individuals with disabilities”, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 962, no. 3, (Nov. 2020), p. 032072. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/962/3/032072
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/962/3/032072
Google Scholar
[33] Bajwoluk T., “Przemiany przestrzeni w otoczeniu arterii komunikacyjnej na przykładzie ciągu ulicy Mogilskiej w Krakowie”, Budownictwo i Architektura, vol. 17, no. 3, (Dec. 2018), pp. 057–066. https://doi.org/10.24358/Bud-Arch_18_173_04
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24358/Bud-Arch_18_173_04
Google Scholar
[34] Aktan T. Ö. and Özyavuz M., “Criteria of Walkability: As a Sense of Urban Experiment”, Journal of Balkan Science and Technology, vol. 1, no. 1, (2022), pp. 73–80.
Google Scholar
[35] APA et al., Planning and Urban Design Standards. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2006.
Google Scholar
[36] Clark A. F. and Scott D. M., “Barriers to Walking: An Investigation of Adults in Hamilton (Ontario, Canada)”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 13, no. 2, (Feb. 2016), p. 179. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13020179
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13020179
Google Scholar
[37] Strohmeier F., “Barriers and their Influence on the Mobility Behavior of Elder Pedestrians in Urban Areas: Challenges and Best Practice for Walkability in the City of Vienna”, Transportation Research Procedia, vol. 14, (Jan. 2016), pp. 1134–1143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.184
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.184
Google Scholar
[38] Uslu A. and Güneş M., “Engelsiz Kentler-‘Herkes Için Erişilebilir Kentler,’” Uluslararası Peyzaj Mimarlığı Araştırmaları Dergisi (IJLAR), vol. 1, no. 2, (2017), pp. 30–36.
Google Scholar
[39] Schwartz N. et al., “Disability and pedestrian road traffic injury: A scoping review”, Health & Place, vol. 77, (Sep. 2022), p. 102896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102896
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102896
Google Scholar
[40] Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar Bakanlığı, “Toplum Özürlülüğü Nasıl Anlıyor: Temel Araştırmas”, T.C. Başbakanlık Özürlüler Dairesi Başkanlığı, Ankara, 2004.
Google Scholar
[41] Boucher N. et al., “Participation of people with disabilities in local governance: Measuring the effects of inclusive local development strategies”, CIRRIS, IDA Brasil, Handicap Int., CIEDEL, Leaflet 5 – Partner territories, 2015.
Google Scholar
[42] Sınmaz S., “Engelsiz Kent Tasarımı Üzerine Bir Yöntem Önerisi”, in 2. Uluslararsı Mimarlık ve Tasarım Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, Çanakkale: Güven Plus Grup Danışmanlık A.Ş. Yayınları, 2018, pp. 321–331.
Google Scholar
[43] Bradshaw C., “Creating And Using A Rating System For Neighborhood Walkability Towards An Agenda For ‘Local Heroes.” Available: http://www.cooperative-individualism.org/bradshaw-chris_creating-and-using-a-rating-system-for-neighborhood-walkability-1993.htm [Accessed: 12 Jun 2017]
Google Scholar
[44] Stonor T. et al., “Towards a ‘Walkability Index,’” presented at the European Transport Conference 2003, London, 2003.
Google Scholar
[45] Makri M.-C. and Folkesson C., “Accessıbılty Measures For Analyses Of Land Use And Travellıng Wıth Geographıcal Informatıon Systems”, in Urban Transport Systems, Lund, İsveç, 1999.
Google Scholar
[46] Colorado Pástor B. A. et al., “Proposal of a Technological Ergonomic Model for People with Disabilities in the Public Transport System in Guayaquil”, in Advances in Usability and User Experience, Cham, 2020, pp. 831–843. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19135-1_81
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19135-1_81
Google Scholar
[47] Páez A. et al., “Measuring accessibility: positive and normative implementations of various accessibility indicators”, Journal of Transport Geography, vol. 25, (Nov. 2012), pp. 141–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.03.016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.03.016
Google Scholar
[48] Ertuğay K., “Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Based Accessibility Modeling Approach in Micro Scale Considering Physically Disabled Users: Case Study of Mimar Muzaffer Campus, Selcuk University”, ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning, vol. 6, no. 0, (Aug. 2018), pp. 81–104. https://doi.org/10.15320/ICONARP.2018.50
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15320/ICONARP.2018.50
Google Scholar
[49] Gamache S. et al., “Development Of A Measure Of Accessıbılıty To Urban Infrastructures: A Content Valıdıty Study. Medical Research Archives”, Medical Research Archives, vol. 4, no. 5, (Sep. 2016).
Google Scholar
[50] Ilahi A. and Axhausen K. W., “Measuring accessibility using an activity based model approach in Jabodetabek”, presented at the 17th Swiss Transport Research Conference (STRC 2017), 2017. https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000130797
Google Scholar
[51] Marcheschi E. et al., “A Theoretical Model for Urban Walking Among People With Disabilities”, Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 11, (2020). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00156
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00156
Google Scholar
[52] Church R. L. and Marston J. R., “Measuring Accessibility for People with a Disability”, Geographical Analysis, vol. 35, no. 1, (2003), pp. 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.2003.tb01102.x
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/geo.2002.0029
Google Scholar
[53] Pirie G. H., “Measuring Accessibility: A Review and Proposal”, Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, vol. 11, no. 3, (Mar. 1979), pp. 299–312. https://doi.org/10.1068/a110299
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1068/a110299
Google Scholar
[54] Shrestha P., “Study on waiting time for street crossing by Person with disability. A case study of midblock crossing at Jorpati and Sanothimi”, Master Thesis, I.O.E. Pulchowk Campus, 2023.
Google Scholar
[55] Vale D. S. et al., “Comparing access for all: disability-induced accessibility disparity in Lisbon”, Journal of Geographical Systems, vol. 19, no. 1, (Jan. 2017), pp. 43–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10109-016-0240-z
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10109-016-0240-z
Google Scholar
[56] Gündoğdu H. M. et al., “Kırklareli Kent Algısı Üzerine Deneysel Bir Çalışma”, İdealKent Dergisi, no. 18, (2016), pp. 48–79.
Google Scholar
[57] Yeşilyurt Gazetesi, “Kırklareli İl Genel Meclisi’nin Engelli Birey Tespit Raporu.”
Google Scholar
[58] Perdikogianni I. and Penn A., “Measuring diversity: a multi-variate analysis of land use and temporal patterning in Clerkenwell”, presented at the 5th International Space Syntax Symposium Proceedings, Hollanda, 2005, pp. 742–761.
Google Scholar
[59] Perkins T. A. et al., “Theory and data for simulating fine-scale human movement in an urban environment”, Journal of the Royal Society Interface, vol. 11, no. 99, (Oct. 2014). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.0642
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.0642
Google Scholar
[60] Omer I. and Goldblatt R., “Spatial patterns of retail activity and street network structure in new and traditional Israeli cities”, Urban Geography, vol. 37, no. 4, (May 2016), pp. 629–649. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2015.1101258
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2015.1101258
Google Scholar
[61] Yang C. and Qian Z., “Street network or functional attractors? Capturing pedestrian movement patterns and urban form with the integration of space syntax and MCDA”, Urban Design International, (Jan. 2022). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41289-022-00178-w
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41289-022-00178-w
Google Scholar
[62] Hillier B. and Hanson J., The Social Logic of Space. Reprint edition ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511597237
Google Scholar
[63] Montello D., “The Contribution of Space Syntax to a Comprehensive Theory of Environmental Psychology”, presented at the 6th International Space Syntax Symposium, İstanbul, 2007.
Google Scholar
[64] Sun J. et al., “The influence of surface slope on human gait characteristics: a study of urban pedestrians walking on an inclined surface”, Ergonomics, vol. 39, no. 4, (Mar. 1996), pp. 677–692. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139608964489
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139608964489
Google Scholar
[65] Nardi D. et al., “The Role of Slope in Human Reorientation”, presented at the Spatial Cognition 2010: Spatial Cognition VII, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2010, pp. 32–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14749-4_6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14749-4_6
Google Scholar
[66] Muller P. O., “Transportation and Urban Form: Stages in the Spatial Evolution of the American Metropolis”, in The Geography of Urban Transportation, Hanson S. Eds. New York: Guilford, 1995, pp. 59–85.
Google Scholar
[67] Morales J. et al., “Mapping Urban Accessibility in Data Scarce Contexts Using Space Syntax and Location-Based Methods”, Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy, vol. 12, no. 2, (Jun. 2019), pp. 205–228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-017-9239-1
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-017-9239-1
Google Scholar
[68] Kryczka P. and Chrobak K., “Contemporary challenges of spatial development of local service centres in the suburban areas of Wrocław – example of Czernica, Poland”, Budownictwo i Architektura, vol. 19, no. 2, (Aug. 2020), pp. 053–072. https://doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.1678
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.1678
Google Scholar
[69] Onaygil S. and Güler Ö., “Şehiriçi Yol Aydınlatma Tesisatlarının İyileştirilmesi”, presented at the 3. Ulusal Aydınlatma Sempozyumu ve Sergisi, Ankara, 2005.
Google Scholar
Authors
Serkan SinmazDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning; Faculty of Architecture; Kırklareli University; Turkey
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7168-1857
Authors
Mete Korhan Özkökmetekorhanozkok@gmail.com
Department of Urban and Regional Planning; Faculty of Architecture; Kırklareli University; Turkey
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8734-3644
Statistics
Abstract views: 136PDF downloads: 87
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Budownictwo i Architektura supports the open science program. The journal enables Open Access to their publications. Everyone can view, download and forward articles, provided that the terms of the license are respected.
Publishing of articles is possible after submitting a signed statement on the transfer of a license to the Journal.