Socioeconomic and Environmental Determinants of Health Outcomes: The Case of Transition Economies

Ebru Çağlayan-Akay


Department of Econometrics, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey (Turkey)
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9998-5334

Zamira Oskonbaeva

zamira.oskonbaeva@manas.edu.kg
Department of Economics, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyzstan)
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3711-6918

Abstract

This study examines the effects of economic and socio-demographic factors on the health status of men and women separately. The annual data of 16 selected transition countries for the period 2000-2016 were used. Life expectancy at birth was used as an indicator of health status in the study. Economic and environmental variables such as GDP per capita, health expenditures, unemployment, carbon emissions, access to safe water, and urbanization are considered as factors affecting life expectancy at birth. In the study, the Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) model was used.

The findings show that the effects of socioeconomic and environmental factors on life expectancy differ according to men and women. It has been found that above-mentioned factors are more effective on life expectancy of men than women in selected transition economies. Therefore, it can be recommended to prioritize economic and environmental targets in improving the health outcomes of countries.


Keywords:

Panel ARDL model, transition economies, health, socioeconomic factor, life expectancy

AFONSO A., AUBYN M. St., 2006, Relative Efficiency of Health Provision: a DEA Approach with Non-Discretionary Inputs, ISEG-UTL Economics Working Paper, No. 3/2006/DE/UECE, www.iseg.utl.pt/departamentos/economia/wp/wp332006deuece.pdf.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.952629   Google Scholar

AHN N., GARCIA J. R., JIMENO J. F., 2004, The Impact of Unemployment on Individual Well-Being in the EU, NEPRI Working Paper, 29: 1-19.
  Google Scholar

AHMAD M., UR RAHMAN Z., HONG L., KHAN S., KHAN Z., NAEEM K. M., 2018, Impact of Environmental Quality Variables and Socio Economic Factors on Human Health: Empirical Evidence from China, Pollution, 4(4): 571-579.
  Google Scholar

ALI A., AHMAD K., 2014, The impact of socio-economic factors on life expectancy for sultanate of Oman: An Empirical Analysis, Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 22(2): 218-224.
  Google Scholar

ANJUM N., GHUMRO N. H., HUSAIN B., 2017, Asymmetric Impact of Exchange Rate Changes on Stock Prices: Empirical Evidence from Germany, International Journal of Economics and Financial Research, 3(11): 240-245.
  Google Scholar

ASAFU-ADJAYE J., 2007, Income Inequality and Health: a Multi-Country Analysis, International Journal of Social Economics, 31(1): 195-207. https://doi.org/10.1108/03068290410515501.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/03068290410515501   Google Scholar

ASISKOVITCH S., 2010, Gender and Health Outcomes: The Impact of Healthcare Systems and Their Financing on Life Expectancies of Women and Men, Social Science and Medicine, 70(6): 886-895.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.11.018   Google Scholar

AUSTER R., LEVESON I., SARACHEK S., 1969, The Production of Health: An Exploratory Study, Journal of Human Resources, 4: 411-436.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/145166   Google Scholar

BALAN F., 2016, Environmental Quality and its Human Health Effects: A Causal Analysis for the EU25, International Journal of Applied Economics, 13(1): 57-71.
  Google Scholar

BARLOW R., VİSSANDJÉE B., 1999, Determinants of National Life Expectancy, Canadian Journal of Development Studies, 20(1): 9-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/02255189.1999.9668787.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02255189.1999.9668787   Google Scholar

BAYATI M., AKBARIAN R., KAVOSI Z., 2013, Determinants of Life Expectancy in Eastern Mediterranean Region: A Health Production Function, International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 1: 1-7.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2013.09   Google Scholar

BEIN M.A., UNLUCAN D., OLOWU G., KALIFA W., 2017, Healthcare spending and health outcomes: evidence from selected east African countries, AfrHealth Sci., 17(1): 247-254.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v17i1.30   Google Scholar

BILAS V., FRANC S., BOŠNJAK M., 2014, Determinant Factors of Life Expectancy, Collegium Antropologicum, 38(1): 1-9.
  Google Scholar

BHUTTO N.A., CHANG B.H., 2018, The Effect of the Global Financial Crisis on the Asymmetric Relationship Between Exchange Rate and Stock Prices, High Frequency, 2: 175-183.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hf2.10033   Google Scholar

BLAZQUEZ-FERNÁNDEZ C., CANTAREROPRIETO D., PASCUAL SAEZ M., 2017, Health Expenditure and Socio-Economic Determinants of Life Expectancy in the OECD Asia/Pacific Area Countries, Applied Economics Letters, 24(3): 167-169. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2016.1173174
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2016.1173174   Google Scholar

BOLTON K.L., RODRIGUEZ E., 2009, Smoking, Drinking and Body Weight After Re-Employment: Does Unemployment Experience and Compensation Make a Difference ?, BMC Public Health 9: 77. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-77.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-77   Google Scholar

BREUSCH T. S., PAGAN A. R., 1980, The Lagrange Multiplier Test and its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics, The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1): 239-253. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297111.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2297111   Google Scholar

CASE A., LUBOTSKY D., PAXSON C., 2002, Economic status and health in childhood: the origins of the gradient, American Economic Review, 92(5): 1308-1334.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/000282802762024520   Google Scholar

CHANG B. H., RAJPUT S. K. O., 2018, Do the Changes in Macroeconomic Variables Have a Symmetric or Asymmetric Effect on Stock Prices? Evidence from Pakistan, South Asian Journal of Business Studies, 7(3): 312-331. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAJBS-07-2018-0077.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/SAJBS-07-2018-0077   Google Scholar

CHIRESHE J., OCRAN M.K., 2020, Health Care Expenditure and Health Outcomes İn Sub‐Saharan African Countries, African Development Review, 32(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12444.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12444   Google Scholar

CORNIA G. A., PANICCIA R., 2000, The Transition Mortality Crisis: Evidence, İnterpretation, and Policy Responses, The Mortality Crisis İn Transitional Economies, eds. Cornia G.A. and Paniccia R., Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 3-37.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198297413.003.0001   Google Scholar

COCKERHAM W. C, HINOTEA B. P., ABBOTT P., 2006, Psychological Distress, Gender, and Health Lifestyles in Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine, Social Science and Medicine, 63: 2381-2394.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.06.001   Google Scholar

CRÉMIEUX P.-Y., OUELLETTE P., PILON C., 1999, Health Care Spending as Determinants of Health Outcomes, Health Economics, 8: 627-639.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1050(199911)8:7<627::AID-HEC474>3.0.CO;2-8   Google Scholar

CHRIS JAMES M.D., FRANCO S., 2017, Inclusive Growth and Health, OECD Heal Work Pap. 103. https://doi.org/10.1787/93d52bcd-en.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/93d52bcd-en   Google Scholar

D’ARCY C., 1986, Unemployment and Health: Data and Implications, Can J Pub Health, May/June, 77:124-131.
  Google Scholar

DAVIDSON C., 2003, Marine Notice: Carbon Dioxide: Health Hazard, Australian Maritime Safety Authority.
  Google Scholar

DEATON A. S., 2002, Policy Implications of Gradient of Health and Wealth, Health Affairs, 21: 13-30.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.21.2.13   Google Scholar

DEAN J. A., WILSON K., 2009, Education? It is Irrelevant to My Job Now; It Makes Me Very Depressed: Exploring the Health Impacts of under/Unemployment among Highly Skilled Recent Immigrants in Canada, Ethnicity and Health, 14(2): 185-204.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13557850802227049   Google Scholar

DEW M.A., BROMET E.J., PENKOWER L., 1992, Mental Health Effects of Job Loss in Women, Psychol Med, 22(3): 751-764.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700038198   Google Scholar

DE VOGLI R., MISTRY R, GNESOLTO R., CORNIA G.A., 2005, Has the relation between income inequality and life expectancy disappeared? Evidence from Italy and top industrialised countries, J Epidemiol Community Health, 59(2): 158-162. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2004.020651.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2004.020651   Google Scholar

DOOLEY D., CATALANO R., ROOK, K.S. 1988, Personal and Aggregate Unemployment and Psychological Symptoms, Journal of Social Issues, 44: 107-123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1988.tb02094.x.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1988.tb02094.x   Google Scholar

DRASTICHOVÁ M., FILZMOSER P. 2020, The Relationship Between Health Outcomes and Health Expenditure in Europe by Using Compositional Data Analysis, Problemy Ekorozwoju/ Problems of Sustainable Development, 15(2): 99-110.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35784/pe.2020.2.11   Google Scholar

ELO I.T., PRESTON S.H., 1992, Effects of EarlyLife Conditions on Adult Mortality: A Review, Population Index, 58(2): 186-212.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3644718   Google Scholar

ELOLA F.J., DAPONTE A., NAVARRO V., 1995, Health Indicators and the Organisation of Healthcare Systems in Western Europe, American Journal of Public Health,85(10): 1397-1401. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.85.10.1397
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.85.10.1397   Google Scholar

EVANS M.F., SMITH V.K., 2005, Do New Health Conditions Support Mortality-Air Pollution Effects?, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 50: 496-518.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2005.04.002   Google Scholar

FABELLA C., 2008, Population Growth and Infant Mortality, UPSE Discussion Paper No. 2008, 10, University of the Philippines, School of Economics (UPSE), Quezon City.
  Google Scholar

FAYISSA B., GUTEMA P., 2005, Estimating a Health Production Function for Sub Saharan Africa (SSA), Applied Economics, 37: 155-164.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840412331313521   Google Scholar

GRİGORİEV P., SHKOLNIKOV V., ANDREEV E., JASILIONIS D., JDANOV D., MESLÉ F., VALLİN J., 2010, Mortality in Belarus, Lithuania, and Russia: Divergence in Recent Trends and Possible Explanations La mortalité en Biélorussie, Lituanie et Russie: Divergence dans les Tendances Récentes et Explications Possibles, European Journal of Population / Revue Européenne de Démographie, 26(3): 245-274.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-010-9210-1   Google Scholar

GULIS G., KROSS B.C., 1999, Drinking water, mortality, and life expectancy: an assessment of the east-west mortality gap in Europe, Cent Eur J Public Health, 7(4): 191-196.
  Google Scholar

GULIS G. 2000, Life Expectancy as an Indicator of Environmental Health, European Journal of Epidemiology 16: 161–165. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007629306606.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007629306606   Google Scholar

HAUSMAN J. A., 1978, Specification Tests in Econometrics, Econometrica, 46(6): 1251-1271.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1913827   Google Scholar

HEIJINK R., KOOLMAN X., WESTERT G.P., 2013, Spending More Money, Saving More Lives? The Relationship Between Avoidable Mortality and Healthcare Spending In 14 Countries, Eur J Health Econ 14: 527-538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-012-0398-3.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-012-0398-3   Google Scholar

Health in the Framework of Sustainable Development, 2014, Technical Report for the Post-2015 Development Agenda.
  Google Scholar

HERZER D., NUNNENKAMP P., 2012, FDI and Health in Developed Economies: A Panel Cointegration Analysis, Working Paper No. 1756, Kiel Institute for the World Economy, Kiel.
  Google Scholar

HEYSEN S., MUSGROVE P., 1986, Interdepartmental Differences in Life Expectancy at Birth in Peru as It Relates to Income, Household DrinkingWater, and Provision of Medical Consultations, PAHO Bull., 20(1) :31-44.
  Google Scholar

HSIAO W.C., 2004, Disparity in Health: The UnderBelly of China's Economic Development, Harvard China Rev, 5(1): 64-70.
  Google Scholar

JETTER M., LAUDAGE S., STADELMANN D., 2019, The Intimate Link Between Income Levels and Life Expectancy: Global Evidence from 213 Years, Social Science Quarterly, 100(4): 1387-1403.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12638   Google Scholar

IVASCHENKO O., 2005, The Patterns and Determinants of Longevity in Russia's Regions: Evidence from Panel Data, Journal of Comparative Economics, 33 (4): 788-813.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2005.03.012   Google Scholar

KALEDIENE R., PETRAUSKIENE J., 2000, Regional Life Expectancy Patterns in Lithuania, European Journal of Public Health, 10: 101-104.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/10.2.101   Google Scholar

KARAMAN S., ÜREK D., BİLGİN DEMİR İ., UĞURLUOĞLU Ö., IŞIK O., 2020, The Impacts of Healthcare Spending on Health Outcomes: New Evidence from OECD Countries, Erciyes Med J., 42(2): 218-222.
  Google Scholar

KOBZA J., GEREMEK M., 2015, Exploring the Life Expectancy Increase in Poland in the Context of CVD Mortality Fall: The Risk Assessment Bottom-Up Approach, From Health Outcome to Policies, INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 1-12.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0046958015613091   Google Scholar

KORBELIUS V., PAULUS M., TROCH T., 2016, Life Expectancy and its Determinants in the Czech Republic, IES Working Paper 06.
  Google Scholar

LAVIS J.N., 1998, Unemployment and Mortality: A Longitudinal Study in the United States, 1968-1992, Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis Working Paper Series 05, Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis (CHEPA), McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
  Google Scholar

LEVIN A., LIN C.F., CHU C.J., 2002, Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite-Sample Properties, Journal of Econometrics, 108(1): 1-24.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(01)00098-7   Google Scholar

LICHTENBERG F. R., 2002, Sources of U.S. Longevity Increase, 1960-1997, NBER Working Paper No. 8755.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3386/w8755   Google Scholar

LLERAS-MUNEY A., 2005, The Relationship Between Education and Adult Mortality in the United States, The Review of Economic Studies, 72(1): 189-221. https://doi.org/10.1111/0034-6527.00329.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/0034-6527.00329   Google Scholar

LOEF M., WALACH H., 2012, The Combined Effects of Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors an all-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis, Preventive Medicine, 55: 163-170.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.06.017   Google Scholar

LUY M., WEGNER-SIEGMUNDT C., 2015, The Impact of Smoking on Gender Differences in Life Expectancy: More Heterogeneous than Often Stated, European Journal of Public Health, 25: 706-710.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cku211   Google Scholar

LUY M., ZANNELLA M., WEGNER-SIEGMUNDT C., MINAGAWA Y., LUTZ W., CASELLI G., 2019, The Impact of Increasing Education Levels on Rising Life Expectancy: A Decomposition Analysis for Italy, Denmark, and the USA, Genus, 75(11). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41118-019-0055-0.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41118-019-0055-0   Google Scholar

MACFARLANE S., RACELIS M., MULI-MUSIIME F., 2000, Public Health In Developing Countries, Lancet, 356(2): 841-846.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02664-7   Google Scholar

MADDISON PROJECT DATABASE, 2020, https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2020?lang=en.
  Google Scholar

MCKEE-RYAN F., SONG Z., WANBERG C.R., KINICKI A.J., 2005, Psychological and physical wellbeing during unemployment: a meta-analytic study, JAppl Psychol, 90(1): 53-76. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.53.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.53   Google Scholar

MARIANI F., PÉREZ-BARAHONA A., RAFFİN R., 2009, Life Expectancy and the Environment, IZA Discussion Paper No. 4564.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1506316   Google Scholar

MARMOT M., WİLKİNSON R. 2003, The Solid Facts (2th Ed.), World Health Organization, Geneva.
  Google Scholar

MATTHEW P., BRODERSEND.M., 2018, Income Inequality and Health Outcomes in the United States: An Empirical Analysis, The Social Science Journal, 55(4), 432-442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2018.05.001.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2018.05.001   Google Scholar

MATTHEW O., OSABOHIEN R., FAGBEMINIYI F., FASINA A., 2018, Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Health Outcomes in Nigeria: Empirical Insight from Auto regressive Distribution Lag Technique, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 8 (3): 43-50.
  Google Scholar

MCCARTHY F., WOLF H., 2001, Comparative Life Expectancy in Africa, Policy Research Working Paper.
  Google Scholar

MEDAS G., 2015, Roma and Health: The Social Determinants of Health: Lessons from the Case of Roma in Hungary, Journal for Labour and Social Affairs in Eastern Europe, 18(2): 149-173.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5771/1435-2869-2015-2-5   Google Scholar

MILADINOV G., 2020, Socioeconomic Development and Life Expectancy Relationship: Evidence from the EU Accession Candidate Countries, Genus, 76(2). https://doi.org/ 10.1186/s41118-019-0071-0.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41118-019-0071-0   Google Scholar

MENYAH K., NAZLIOĞLU Ş., WOLDE-RUFAEL Y., 2014, Financial Development, Trade Openness and Economic Growth in African Countries: New Insights from a Panel Causality Approach, Economic Modelling, 37: 386-394.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.11.044   Google Scholar

MOHAMMED A.J., GHEBREYESUS T.A., 2018, Healthy Living, Well-Being and the Sustainable Development Goals, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 96: 590-590A. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.18.222042.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.18.222042   Google Scholar

MONSEF A., MEHRJARDI A.S., 2018, Effect of Unemployment on Health Capital, Iran. Econ. Rev. 22(4): 1016-1033.
  Google Scholar

NIXON J., ULMAN P., 2006, The Relationship between Health Care Expenditure and Health Outcomes, The European Journal of Health Economics, 7(1),7-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-005-0336-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-005-0336-8   Google Scholar

NOELKE C., BECKFIELD J., 2014, Recessions, Job Loss, and Mortality Among Older US Adults, American Journal of Public Health, 104(11): e126–e134. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302210.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302210   Google Scholar

NOLTE E., MCKEE M., GILMORE A., 2005, Morbidity and Mortality in Transition Countries of Europe, The New Demographic Regime: Population Challenges and Policy Responses, eds. Macura M., MacDonald A., Haug W., United Nations.
  Google Scholar

NORSTRÖM F., JANLERT U., HAMMARSTRÖM A., 2017, Is Unemployment in Young Adulthood Related to Self-Rated Health Later in Life? Results from the Northern Swedish Cohort, BMC Public Health, 17(1): 529.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4460-z   Google Scholar

NOVIGNON J., OLAKOJO S.A., NONVIGNON J., 2012, The Effects of Public and Private Health Care Expenditure on Health Status in Sub-Saharan Africa: New Evidence from Panel Data Analysis, Heal Econ Rev., 2(22).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2191-1991-2-22   Google Scholar

OKSUZYAN A., JUEL K., VAUPEL J.W., CHRISTENSEN K., 2008, Men: Good Health and High Mortality. Sex Differences in Health and Aging, Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 20: 91-102.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03324754   Google Scholar

OR Z. 2000a, Determinants of Health Outcomes in Industrialised Countries: A Pooled, Cross-country, Time Series Analysis, OECD Economic Studies, 30, 2000/I.
  Google Scholar

OR Z. 2000b, Exploring the Effects of Health Care on Mortality Across OECD Countries, OECD Labour Market and Social Policy, Occasional Paper No. 46.
  Google Scholar

Our World in Data, 2021, https://ourworldindata.org/.
  Google Scholar

OWEN A.L., WU S., 2007, Is Trade Good for Your Health? Review of International Economics, 15(4):660-682.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2007.00677.x   Google Scholar

PASICHNYI M., NEPYTALIUK A. 2021, The Contributions of Demographic Factors to Economic Growth, Problemy Ekorozwoju/Problems of Sustainable Development, 16(1): 219-229.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35784/pe.2021.1.24   Google Scholar

PESARAN M. H., SHIN Y., SMITH R.P., 1997, Pooled Estimation of Long-Run Relationships in Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels, University of Cambridge, Department of Applied Economics.
  Google Scholar

PESARAN M. H., SHIN Y., SMITH R.P., 1999, Pooled Mean Group Estimation of Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 94(446): 621-634.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1999.10474156   Google Scholar

PESARAN M. H., SHIN Y. 1999, An Autoregressive Distributed-Lag Modelling Approach to Cointegration Analysis, Econometrics and Economic Theory in the 20th Century, ed. Strom S., p. 371-413.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139052221.011   Google Scholar

PESARAN H., 2004, General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels, Working Paper No 0435, University of Cambridge.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.572504   Google Scholar

PESARAN M. H., 2007, A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross-section Dependence, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22: 265-312.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951   Google Scholar

PINKHASOV R.M., SHTEYNSHLYUGER A., HAKIMIAN P., LINDSAY G.K., SAMADI D.B., SHABSIGH R., 2010, Are Men Shortchanged On Health? Perspective on Life Expectancy, Morbidity, and Mortality in Men and Women in the United States, International Journal of Clinical Practice, 64: 465-474. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.17421241.2009.02289.x.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02289.x   Google Scholar

PRITCHETT L., SUMMERS L.H., 1996, Wealthier is Healthier, Journal of Human Resources 31(4): 841-868.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/146149   Google Scholar

PRITCHETT L., VIARENGO M., 2010, Explaining the Cross-National Time Series Variation in Life Expectancy: Income, Women’s Education Shifts and What Else?, UNDP, Washington, DC.
  Google Scholar

RAHMAN M.M., KHANAM R., RAHMAN A., 2018, Health Care Expenditure and Health Outcome Nexus: New Evidence from the SAARC-ASEAN Region, Globalization and Health, 14: 113.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-018-0430-1   Google Scholar

ROGERS R. G., WOFFORD S., 1989, Life Expectancy in Less Developed Countries: Socio-Economic Development or Public Health? Journal of Biosocial Science, 21: 245-252.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932000017934   Google Scholar

ROZEHNALOVÁ H., MÁDR M., FORMANOVÁ L., ANDRLIK B. 2021, Influence of Pollutants from Transport on Life Expectancy in the EU Countries, Problemy Ekorozwoju/ Problems of Sustainable Development, 16(1): 209-217.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35784/pe.2021.1.23   Google Scholar

SALAHUDDIN M., VINK N., RALPH N., GOW J., 2020, Effects of Economic Growth, Foreign Direct Investment and Internet Use on Child Health Outcomes: Empirical Evidence from South Africa, Development Studies Research, 7(1): 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2020.1717362.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2020.1717362   Google Scholar

SALAMI D., SHAABAN A.N., MARTINS M.R.O., 2019, Africa Rising, a Narrative for Life Expectancy Gains? Evidence from a Health Production Function, Annals of Global Health, 85(1): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.2307.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.2307   Google Scholar

SEDE P., OHEMENG W., 2015, Socio-Economic Determinants of Life Expectancy in Nigeria (1980 – 2011), Health Economics Review, 5(2): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-014-0037-z.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-014-0037-z   Google Scholar

SELF S., GRABOWSKI R., 2003, How Effective is Public Health Expenditure in Improving Overall Health? A Cross-Country Analysis, Appl Econ. 35(7): 835-845. https://doi.org/10.1080/0003684032000056751.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0003684032000056751   Google Scholar

QUT Queensland University of Technology 2015, Unclean Water Supply May Contribute to Lower Life Expectancy in Remote Australia, https://phys.org/news/2015-12-unclean-contribute-liferemote-australia.html.
  Google Scholar

SHARMA R., 2018, Health and Economic Growth: Evidence from Dynamic Panel Data of 143 Years, PLoS ONE, 13(10): e0204940. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204940.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204940   Google Scholar

SHAW J. W., HORRACE W. C., VOGEL R. J., 2005, The Determinants of Life Expectancy: An Analysis of the OECD Health Data, Southern Economic Journal, 71: 768-873.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/20062079   Google Scholar

SMITH J. P., 1999, Healthy Bodies and Thick Wallets: The Dual Relation between Health and Economic Status, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 13(2): 145-166. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.13.2.145.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.13.2.145   Google Scholar

SOARES R.R., 2007, Health and the Evolution of Welfare across Brazilian Municipalities, Journal of Development Economics, 84: 590-608.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2007.02.002   Google Scholar

STENGOS T., THOMPSON B. S., WU X. 2008, The Evolution of the Conditional Joint Distribution of Life Expectancy and Per Capita Income Growth, Economics Publications and Research, Paper 44. http://digitalcommons.ryerson.ca/economics/44.
  Google Scholar

SUNDBERG L., AGAHI N., FRITZELL J., FORS S., 2018, Why is the Gender Gap in Life Expectancy Decreasing? The Impact of Age- and Cause-Specific Mortality in Sweden 1997-2014, International Journal of Public Health, 63: 673-681. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-018-1097.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-018-1097-3   Google Scholar

TAFRAN K., TUMIN M., OSMAN A.F., 2020, Poverty, Income, and Unemployment as Determinants of Life Expectancy: Empirical Evidence from Panel Data of Thirteen Malaysian States, Iran J Public Health, 49(2): 294-303.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v49i2.3092   Google Scholar

TAVARES A.I., 2017, Infant Mortality in Europe, Socio-Economic Determinants Based on Aggregate Data, Applied Economics Letters, 24(21): 1588-1596. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/13504851.2017.1340565.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2017.1340565   Google Scholar

THORNTON J., 2002, Estimating a Health Production Function for the US: Some New Evidence, Applied Economics, 34(1): 59-62.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840010025650   Google Scholar

UN population division, 2019, htpps://population.un.org/.
  Google Scholar

VON SCHIRNDING Y., MULHOLLAND C., 2002, Health and Sustainable Development: Key Health Trends. World Health Organization. Report of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesberg, Geneva 2002.
  Google Scholar

World Bank Database, 2020, www.worldbank.org.
  Google Scholar

World Health Organization, 2011, Closing the Gap: Policy into Practice on Social Determinants of Health, Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.who.int/sdhconference/Discussion-paper-EN.pdf.
  Google Scholar

WHO 2008, World Health Report 2008: Primary Health Care Now More than Over, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland.
  Google Scholar

WHO/UNICEF JMP, 2017, Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, WHO Library http://www.unwater.org/publications/whounicef-joint-monitoring-programwater-supply-sanitation-hygiene-jmp-2017-updatesdg-baselines/.
  Google Scholar

World Health Statistics, 2020, Monitoring Health for SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals, World Health Organization, Geneva.
  Google Scholar

Download


Published
2021-07-01

Cited by

Çağlayan-Akay, E., & Oskonbaeva, Z. (2021). Socioeconomic and Environmental Determinants of Health Outcomes: The Case of Transition Economies. Problemy Ekorozwoju, 16(2), 94–107. https://doi.org/10.35784/pe.2021.2.10

Authors

Ebru Çağlayan-Akay 

Department of Econometrics, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey Turkey
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9998-5334

Authors

Zamira Oskonbaeva 
zamira.oskonbaeva@manas.edu.kg
Department of Economics, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3711-6918

Statistics

Abstract views: 59
PDF downloads: 18