IoT-driven environmental optimization for hydroponic lettuce:  A data-centric approach to smart agriculture

Okky Putra BARUS; Ade MAULANA; Pujianto YUGOPUSPITO; Achmad Nizar HIDAYANTO; Winar Joko ALEXANDER

doi:10.35784/acs_7793

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Published: Dec 31, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.35784/acs_7793

Issue Vol. 21 No. 4 (2025)

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IoT-driven environmental optimization for hydroponic lettuce: A data-centric approach to smart agriculture
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DOI

https://doi.org/10.35784/acs_7793

Authors

Okky Putra BARUS

okky.barus@uph.edu

Universitas Pelita Harapan, Indonesia

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4217-0177

Ade MAULANA

ade.maulana@lecturer.uph.edu

Universitas Pelita Harapan, Indonesia

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1406-1504

Pujianto YUGOPUSPITO

yugopuspito@uph.edu

Universitas Pelita Harapan, Indonesia

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6155-163X

Achmad Nizar HIDAYANTO

nizar@cs.ui.ac.id

Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5793-9460

Winar Joko ALEXANDER

03081210011@student.uph.edu

Universitas Pelita Harapan, Indonesia

https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8278-5772

Abstract

An IoT sensor network enables real-time monitoring of key environmental parameters, including temperature, humidity, nutrient solution pH, and concentration. This system employs a rule-based expert system with dynamic threshold adjustments for automated control. Over a 35-day growth cycle (Days After Transplanting - DAT), the experiment revealed statistically significant improvement in lettuce growth within the smart indoor farming system compared to outdoor farming. Average increases were observed: 17.1% in plant weight, 16.9% in plant height, and 20.0% in the number of leaves. The IoT-based control system robustly maintained environmental parameters within optimal ranges, creating a stable and conducive growth environment. This approach highlights the transformative potential of integrating IoT and intelligent control logic for optimizing indoor hydroponic crop production, paving the way for more efficient and sustainable agriculture. The findings offer insights for future smart farming developments by demonstrating how IoT and intelligent control improve hydroponic lettuce yield.

Keywords:

smart indoor farming, hydroponics, internet of things, data-driven control, environmental monitoring

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BARUS, O. P., MAULANA, A., YUGOPUSPITO, P., HIDAYANTO, A. N., & ALEXANDER, W. J. (2025). IoT-driven environmental optimization for hydroponic lettuce: A data-centric approach to smart agriculture. Applied Computer Science, 21(4), 47–58. https://doi.org/10.35784/acs_7793

IoT-driven environmental optimization for hydroponic lettuce: A data-centric approach to smart agriculture

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